{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T15:48:19Z","timestamp":1777909699775,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,21]],"date-time":"2013-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1361404800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to examine the antimicrobial activity and the preservative efficacy of a novel preservative solution containing sodium hydroxymethyl glycinate (SHMG) and edetate disodium (EDTA), which is used for preservation of some commercial ophthalmic formulations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      susceptibility assays were performed against several gram-positive (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and gram-negative (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) bacteria representative of the microbial flora of epithelial surfaces or colonizing the conjunctiva, as well as against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aspergillus niger<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Using different concentrations of SHMG alone or in combination with EDTA, the minimal inhibitory and microbicidal concentrations against these organisms were assessed. In addition, 8 brands of multidose eye drops containing 0.002% SHMG and 0.1% EDTA as preservative were tested for antimicrobial activity using the antimicrobial effectiveness test recommended by the international pharmacopoeias.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The minimal inhibitory and bactericidal\/fungicidal concentration values of SHMG ranged from 0.0025% to 0.0125% for bacteria and from 0.125% to 0.50% for mold and yeast. Susceptibility testing demonstrated that the addition of EDTA substantially increased the SHMG activity against all bacterial and fungal strains. The preservative effectiveness test was applied to commercial eye drops. All the drop solutions met the criteria reported by the U.S. Pharmacopeia for parenteral and ophthalmic preparations. All products also satisfied the major acceptance criteria of the European Pharmacopeia with respect to the antifungal activity. With regard to the antibacterial activity, the less-stringent criteria of the European Pharmacopeia were fulfilled.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      C\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">onclusions:<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      The present study demonstrates the efficacy of a novel preservative for ophthalmic solutions (SHMG\/EDTA) and its activity in protecting selected commercial artificial tears against microbial contamination.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2012.0041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,21]],"date-time":"2013-02-21T13:14:54Z","timestamp":1361452494000},"page":"586-590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antimicrobial Activity of a New Preservative for Multiuse Ophthalmic Solutions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Emilia","family":"Ghelardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pisa","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Celandroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pisa","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sokhna A.","family":"Gueye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pisa","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Salvetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pisa","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Campa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pisa","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Senesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pisa","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"469","article-title":"Ophthalmic preservatives and vehicles","volume":"17","author":"Mullen W.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Mullen W., , Shepherd W., , Labovitz J. Ophthalmic preservatives and vehicles. Surv. Ophthalmol., 17:469\u2013483. 1973.","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0939-6411(01)00246-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically\u2014Sixth Edition: Approved Standard M7-A6","author":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards","year":"2003","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically\u2014Sixth Edition: Approved Standard M7-A6. 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