{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T15:48:23Z","timestamp":1777909703509,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,4]],"date-time":"2013-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1357257600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Besifloxacin is a novel fluoroquinolone antibiotic developed to provide alternative coverage for ocular pathogens with current and emerging\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      resistance to present fluoroquinolones and other commonly dispensed ocular antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      efficacy of besifloxacin and 7 comparators against ciprofloxacin- and methicillin-susceptible and nonsusceptible staphylococcal isolates from conjunctivitis, blepharitiis, keratitis, endophthalmitis, and other ocular surface disorders.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nonconsecutive ocular\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      =154) and Coagulase-negative\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      =89, including 84\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) isolates collected from patients presenting during the 6 years (2003\u20132008) were evaluated using frozen minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) panels containing serial dilutions (\u03bcg\/mL) of besifloxacin (0.004\u201332), moxifloxacin (0.004\u2013128), ciprofloxacin (0.03\u2013256), azithromycin (0.12\u2013128), oxacillin (0.03\u201332), gentamicin (0.03\u2013128), trimethoprim (0.5\u201316), and vancomycin (0.12\u201332).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the fluoroquinolones group, besifloxacin had the lowest MIC\n                      <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                      s. MIC\n                      <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                      values (\u03bcg\/mL) for besifloxacin (4) was 8-fold lower than for moxifloxacin (32) and 32-fold lower than ciprofloxacin (128). Among the nonfluoroquinolone comparators, vancomycin (2) had the lowest MICs followed by gentamicin (16) and trimethoprim (16). Besifloxacin MIC\n                      <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                      s (\u03bcg\/mL) were lowest for isolates recovered from the lacrimal sac (0.25), followed by lids (1), conjunctiva (2), keratitis (4), and intraocular fluids (4).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Due to its improved coverage for ciprofloxacin- and methicillin-resistant staphylococci, besifloxacin may offer extended coverage for some ocular pathogens resistant to current fluoroquinolones recovered from a diverse group of ocular sources. Ninety-five percent of all isolates were covered by a besifloxacin MIC\n                      <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                      of 4\u2009\u03bcg\/mL.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2012.0081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,4]],"date-time":"2013-01-04T12:58:23Z","timestamp":1357304303000},"page":"339-344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Comparative\n                    <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    Susceptibility of Besifloxacin and Seven Comparators Against Ciprofloxacin- and Methicillin-Susceptible\/Nonsusceptible Staphylococci"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Darlene","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bascom Palmer Eye Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan S.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bascom Palmer Eye Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harry W.","family":"Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bascom Palmer Eye Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo C.","family":"Alfonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bascom Palmer Eye Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2003.10.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","first-page":"129","article-title":"Coagulase-negative staphylococci in conjunctivitis and blepharitis","volume":"9","author":"Au Y.K.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Au Y.K. et al. 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