{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T15:49:01Z","timestamp":1777909741415,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,7]],"date-time":"2013-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383782400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressive agent with limited corneal penetration. Microemulsions can increase the drug solubility and enhance drug absorption in the eye. This work aimed to develop a tacrolimus microemulsion as well as to characterize and to evaluate its ocular tolerance and pharmacokinetics after topical application in rabbits.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n The microemulsion was prepared by the titration with the cosurfactant technique and its physical\u2013chemical parameters and stability were determined. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using the corneal epithelium and conjunctiva cell lines. The ocular pharmacokinetic parameters in rabbits were determined and compared with that obtained after instillation of tacrolimus suspension.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The microemulsion containing tacrolimus was successfully developed. It was nonirritating to rabbits' eyes and it was also not toxic to the corneal and conjunctival cells. When compared to the suspension, the microemulsion containing tacrolimus presented higher values of\n AUC<\/jats:italic>\n (2,912.5\u00b1245.4\u2009min.ng\/mL vs. 1,669.8\u00b193\u2009min.ng\/mL) and\n C<\/jats:italic>\n max<\/jats:sub>\n (26.8\u00b12.3\u2009ng\/mL vs. 20.7\u00b12.8\u2009ng\/mL). On the other hand, the\n Cl\/F<\/jats:italic>\n value was smaller when compared to the suspension that may decrease the number of applications of eye drops.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n The developed microemulsion could be an alternative to reduce the systemic adverse effects of tacrolimus and, consequently, increase the patient compliance to the treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2013.0128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,7]],"date-time":"2013-11-07T09:13:52Z","timestamp":1383815632000},"page":"59-65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics and Ocular Tolerance of a Microemulsion Containing Tacrolimus"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Armando","family":"Silva-Cunha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Minas Gerais","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gisele Rodrigues","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Del Rei","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Whocely Victor","family":"de Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Del Rei","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00edlvia Lig\u00f3rio","family":"Fialho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical and Biotechnological Development","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000151507.49565.6e"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31823f8c9b"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"2737","article-title":"Ocular absorption of topically applied FK506 from liposomal and oil formulations in the rabbit eye","volume":"34","author":"Pleyer U.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Pleyer U., , Lutz S., , Jusko W.J., et al. 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