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Increased aqueous humor (AH) outflow resistance through the trabecular meshwork (TM) results in elevated IOP in POAG patients. Resistance to AH outflow is associated with increased accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the TM. In addition, levels of transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-\u03b22) are elevated in the AH and TM tissue of POAG patients. Elevated levels of TGF-\u03b22 in other tissues have been associated with fibrosis and increased tissue stiffness. However, locally produced effectors that maintain homeostatic relationships must also be present. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) serve this purpose in the TM as they inhibit TGF-\u03b22-induced ECM changes in TM cells. This review article first describes the TGF-\u03b2 superfamily of growth factors including BMPs and their canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways. The article then addresses the role of TGF-\u03b22 in the pathophysiology of POAG as related to the ECM and ECM crosslinking enzymes. This is followed by a discussion of potential homeostatic control mechanisms of TGF-\u03b22 signaling in the TM including the inhibitory role of BMP-4 and BMP-7. We then describe the relationship of TGF-\u03b22 and BMPs in TM fibrosis including the role of antagonists. Lastly, in future directions, we identify potential future studies that explore new and unique cellular interactions within the TM for potential therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2013.0220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,11]],"date-time":"2014-02-11T16:23:44Z","timestamp":1392135824000},"page":"154-162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["The Role of TGF-\u03b22 and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in the Trabecular Meshwork and Glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Wordinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Texas Health Science Center"},{"name":"University of North Texas Health Science Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tasneem","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Texas Health Science Center"},{"name":"University of North Texas Health Science Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbot F.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Texas Health Science Center"},{"name":"University of North Texas Health Science Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02554"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2009.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-011-1190-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138920111798808419"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.030338"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.8.3021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689009069932"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"2201","article-title":"Identification of transforming growth factor-beta as an immunosuppressive factor in aqueous humor","volume":"32","author":"Cousins S.W.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cousins S.W., , McCabe M.M., , and Danielpour D. 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