{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T15:51:36Z","timestamp":1777909896425,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To evaluate rheological properties,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      dissolution, and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      ocular pharmacokinetics of loteprednol etabonate (LE) (submicron) ophthalmic gel 0.38%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The viscosity of the LE gel 0.38% formulation was measured with a controlled stress rheometer. Dissolution kinetics were evaluated in a fixed-volume and flow-through assay. Rabbits received a single instillation of LE (submicron) gel 0.38% (both eyes), and concentrations of LE in ocular tissues were determined through 24\u2009h by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Where indicated, comparators included micronized LE gel 0.38%, 0.5% (Lotemax\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      gel), and 0.75%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      LE (submicron) gel 0.38% exhibited shear-thinning characteristics similar to LE gel 0.5% with nearly identical yield stress. LE (submicron) gel 0.38% released 2.6-fold more LE into the dissolution medium than micronized LE gel 0.5% over 30\u2009s in the fixed-volume dissolution assay, and submicron LE attained higher concentrations of dissolved LE than micronized LE gel 0.38% in the flow-through dissolution assay. In rabbits, the maximal concentration and area-under-the-curve over 24\u2009h for LE in aqueous humor were 2.5- and 1.8-fold higher, respectively, for LE (submicron) gel 0.38% versus micronized LE gel 0.5% (both\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Pharmacokinetic parameters were similar for most other tissues.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LE (submicron) gel 0.38% demonstrated similar rheological properties to micronized LE gel 0.5% but faster dissolution, thus providing similar or higher LE concentrations in the aqueous humor, cornea, and iris-ciliary body after ocular dosing in rabbits despite a lowered concentration of drug in the formulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2018.0136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T10:28:11Z","timestamp":1553509691000},"page":"291-300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Rheological Properties, Dissolution Kinetics, and Ocular Pharmacokinetics of Loteprednol Etabonate (Submicron) Ophthalmic Gel 0.38%"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Megan E.","family":"Cavet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Affairs, Bausch + Lomb, Rochester, New York."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shellise","family":"Glogowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nonclinical Safety, R&amp;D, Bausch + Lomb, Rochester, New York."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ezra R.","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology, Bausch + Lomb, Bridgewater, New Jersey."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical R&amp;D, Bausch + Lomb, Rochester, New York."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200225010-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.132621"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-013-0020-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2006.0067"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689209001808"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(99)00040-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-016-0315-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2018.1439920"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"1480","article-title":"for the Loteprednol Etabonate Post-Operative Inflammation Study Group 1","volume":"24","author":"Stewart R.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Stewart R., , Horwitz B., , Howes J., et al.; for the Loteprednol Etabonate Post-Operative Inflammation Study Group 1. 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