{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T01:12:01Z","timestamp":1788570721906,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adenoviral conjunctivitis is the most common cause of conjunctivitis worldwide with no approved antiviral treatment. Benzalkonium chloride (BAK) is a common preservative in ophthalmic medications and is the active ingredient in some skin disinfectants and hand sanitizers. BAK is known to be effective in killing bacteria and enveloped viruses; however, its activity against ocular types of nonenveloped adenoviruses (Ads) is unknown. The goal was to determine whether BAK is an effective antiviral agent against common human ocular types of adenovirus\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The direct inactivating activity of BAK was determined by incubating several human adenovirus types with BAK concentrations of 0.001%, 0.003%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.1%, and 0% for 1\u2009h at 33\u00b0C. Resulting adenovirus titers were determined after treatment. Decreases in titers of \u22653 Log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      were considered virucidal, while decreases in titers of &lt;1 Log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      were considered ineffective.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      BAK 0.1% was virucidal for Ad3, Ad5, Ad7a, Ad19\/64, and Ad37, while it reduced titers &gt;1 Log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      , but &lt;3 Log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      for Ad4 and Ad8. Decreases in titers &gt;1 Log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      were demonstrated for BAK 0.003%, 0.005%, and 0.01% for Ad5 only. Decreases in titers for the other adenovirus types for those concentrations were \u22640.53 Log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      . 0.001% BAK produced minimal decreases in titers for all types.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BAK, at 0.01% or less was not consistently effective as an antiviral against adenovirus, but higher concentrations, such as 0.1%, should be further investigated as a possible topical treatment for adenoviral ocular infections, providing ocular toxicity is not an issue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2018.0145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]],"date-time":"2019-04-10T10:19:36Z","timestamp":1554891576000},"page":"311-314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Benzalkonium Chloride Demonstrates Concentration-Dependent Antiviral Activity Against Adenovirus\n                    <i>In Vitro<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Eric G.","family":"Romanowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M.Q.","family":"Shanks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Charles T. 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Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2012.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1270"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-3286"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"4135","article-title":"Topical HPMPC inhibits adenovirus type 5 in the New Zealand rabbit ocular replication model","volume":"35","author":"Gordon Y.J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gordon Y.J., , Romanowski E.G., , and Araullo-Cruz T. Topical HPMPC inhibits adenovirus type 5 in the New Zealand rabbit ocular replication model. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. 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