{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:31:54Z","timestamp":1790641914237,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cataract is a pathological opacification of the lens, which is still one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. Several etiologies are described, among them drug-induced cataract, for example, posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) after steroid treatment. To investigate different mechanisms of drug-induced cataract a human three-dimensional (3D) lens\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      model was developed, consisting of immortalized human lens epithelial cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These cells were cultivated on 96-well, ultralow attachment plates, where they rapidly form spheroids. By gene expression analysis different markers were observed, which are important to maintain lens transparency, such as ephrin type-A receptor 2 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">EphA2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) or \u03b1-smooth muscle actin (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b1-SMA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The lens epithelial cells form a spheroid within a few days and show stable expression of important lens marker, and size and viability remain stable up to 26 days in culture. The gene expression of the glucocorticoid-treated spheroids revealed a clear shift in the expression of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">EphA2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b1-SMA<\/jats:italic>\n                      , \u03b1B-crystallin (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CRYAB<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and heat shock protein beta-1 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">HSPB1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Furthermore, the glucocorticoid treatment did not improve cell survival.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study proposes a useful 3D\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      model, which expresses important lens markers and is capable of demonstrating features found in drug-induced cataracts. As the viability remains stable over long time, this model can also be used for long-term treatment. The main characteristics are the increased expression of \u03b1-SMA,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CRYAB<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">HSPB1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the decreased expression of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">EphA2<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The present data provide some first evidence on novel mechanisms involved in glucocorticoid-induced cataracts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2019.0010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T11:12:31Z","timestamp":1561979551000},"page":"56-64","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Human Three-Dimensional\n                    <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    Model of Lens Epithelial Cells as a Model to Study Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Posterior Subcapsular Cataracts"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Carla Johanna","family":"Pl\u00fcss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. 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