{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:19:51Z","timestamp":1785766791379,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the pharmacokinetics (PK) of prednisone and prednisolone in tear fluid of dogs receiving oral prednisone at anti-inflammatory to immunosuppressive doses and to assess the impact of induced conjunctivitis on lacrimal drug levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six healthy Beagle dogs were administered 4 courses of prednisone at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0\u2009mg\/kg given orally once a day for 5 days. At steady state, topical histamine was applied to induce mild (1\u2009mg\/mL) or severe (375\u2009mg\/mL) conjunctivitis in 1 eye of each dog and tear samples were collected from both eyes at selected times. Prednisone and prednisolone were quantified in tears by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lacrimal prednisone and prednisolone concentrations ranged from 2 to 523\u2009ng\/mL and 5 to 191\u2009ng\/mL, respectively. Drug concentrations were overall greater in dogs receiving higher doses of prednisone, but were not correlated with tear flow rate. Eyes with conjunctivitis often had larger amounts of prednisone and prednisolone in tear fluid compared to control eyes (up to +64%), but differences were not statistically significant. Significantly greater, but clinically insignificant, levels of prednisolone were found in eyes with severe versus mild conjunctivitis for oral prednisone doses \u22651.0\u2009mg\/kg.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Disruption of the blood\u2013tear barrier with conjunctivitis did not significantly affect drug levels in tears. Based on drug PK in tears, oral prednisone is likely safe for the management of reflex uveitis and ocular surface diseases. However, further prospective trials using systemic corticotherapy in diseased animals are warranted to confirm findings from this preclinical study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2019.0020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T10:05:42Z","timestamp":1557396342000},"page":"341-349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Tear Fluid Pharmacokinetics Following Oral Prednisone Administration in Dogs With and Without Conjunctivitis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Lionel","family":"Sebbag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa."},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe S.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa."},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Allbaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry W.","family":"Wulf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhAST Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Mochel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.52.612.634"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2003.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.249.5.508"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2008.00662.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.77.8.833"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.249.5.526"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.66.11.705"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.27.5.289.17220"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000336676"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09629359791532"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","unstructured":"Sebbag L. 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