{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T02:29:43Z","timestamp":1787797783766,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The objectives were to investigate the effect of transscleral iontophoresis of macromolecules\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , to study the importance of electroosmosis on macromolecules of low charge to mass ratio, and to evaluate transscleral iontophoresis efficacy in a choroidal neovascularization (CNV) animal model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Through\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      transport experiments, the permeability coefficients of macromolecules [eg, immunoglobulin G (IgG), dextran 70\u2009kDa] were determined under different conditions. The effect of ionic strength formulations and iontophoretic conditions was studied on the distribution of IgG and bevacizumab into the eye\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was utilized to evaluate\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      real time distribution of gadolinium-labeled albumin (Galbumin) following iontophoresis. The efficacy between no treatment, intravitreal injection (IVT), and iontophoresis of bevacizumab on a CNV model of subretinal injection of adeno-associated virus encoding human VEGF-165 was investigated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The permeability data suggested a significant effect of ionic strength on the iontophoretic transport of macromolecules. Transscleral iontophoresis of IgG at 4\u2009mA with a low ionic strength formulation was about 600 times greater than passive diffusion and 14-fold over a conventional formulation\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Approximately 0.6\u2009mg of bevacizumab can be delivered into the rabbit eye\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      with a 20-min treatment of iontophoresis. MRI showed that Galbumin was in the posterior tissues after iontophoresis. In the CNV model, the iontophoresis and IVT methods of bevacizumab delayed retinal neovascularization by 4 and 8 weeks, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transscleral iontophoresis is capable of delivering macromolecule drugs through the conjunctiva and sclera, eventually exposing the retina\/choroid to the drugs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2019.0081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T16:53:39Z","timestamp":1583859219000},"page":"247-256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Transscleral Iontophoresis for Noninvasive Ocular Drug Delivery of Macromolecules"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Molokhia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aciont, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah."},{"name":"iVeena Delivery Systems, Salt Lake City, Utah."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kongnara","family":"Papangkorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aciont, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CB Vision Consulting, Austin, Texas."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Higuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aciont, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balbir","family":"Brar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aciont, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balamurali","family":"Ambati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iVeena Delivery Systems, Salt Lake City, Utah."},{"name":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Kevin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William I.","family":"Higuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aciont, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"National Eye Institute NIoH. Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). 2019. Available at: https:\/\/www.nei.nih.gov\/learn-about-eye-health\/resources-for-health-educators\/eye-health-data-and-statistics\/age-related-macular-degeneration-amd-data-and-statistics Accessed February14 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","unstructured":"Prall F.R.C. Thomas A. Criswell M.H. and Harris A. Exudative (wet) age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In: Dahl A.A. ed. Medscape Reference. 2018. 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