{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T05:01:33Z","timestamp":1777957293052,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the effects of 3-methyladenine (3-MA), a selective inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), on experimental subretinal fibrosis (SRF) in mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The SRF mouse model was established by 532\u2009nm laser photocoagulation at each fundus of mice on day 0. 3-MA was administered every 2 days from day 0 to 35. Immunofluorescence of choroidal flat mounts was performed to evaluate the size of SRF area, local macrophages, and polarization, respectively. Besides, Western blot analysis was carried out to assess the expression levels of macrophage polarization-related genes, Arg-1, Ym-1, and transforming growth factor-\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (TGF-\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). Co-culture and migration experiments were used to demonstrate the inhibitory effect of 3-MA on fibroblasts. The gene knockout and Western blot analysis were used to explore the signal pathways related to macrophage polarization.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with the control group, the 3-MA-treated group showed significantly less size of SRF area. 3-MA treatment reduced both circulating and local macrophages, and counteracted M2 polarization. Moreover, 3-MA inhibited fibroblast recruitment. Mechanistically, we proved that 3-MA inhibits macrophage M2 polarization by suppressing PI3K\/Akt signal pathway rather than the PI3K-autophagy-related signal pathway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3-MA exerts antifibrotic effects on experimental SRF by targeting circulating and local macrophages and M2 polarization, through PI3K\/Akt signal pathway. These results support the potential use of 3-MA as a new therapeutic modality for SRF associated with neovascular age-related macular degeneration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2019.0112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]],"date-time":"2020-06-19T00:22:22Z","timestamp":1592526142000},"page":"618-628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["3-Methyladenine Alleviates Experimental Subretinal Fibrosis by Inhibiting Macrophages and M2 Polarization Through the PI3K\/Akt Pathway"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Qiyu","family":"Bo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 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