{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T16:06:09Z","timestamp":1790438769692,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anesthesia is necessary to conduct rodent electroretinograms (ERGs). We evaluated utility of the \u03b12-agonist medetomidine versus xylazine for ERG studies in nondiabetic and diabetic rats. Pentobarbital was included as a comparator.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats, with and without streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes, were anesthetized with medetomidine (1\u2009mg\/kg), xylazine (10\u2009mg\/kg) (both with ketamine 75\u2009mg\/kg), or pentobarbital (70\u2009mg\/kg). The depth of anesthesia was assessed, and if adequate, scotopic ERGs were recorded. Blood glucose was monitored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In nondiabetic rats, all three agents induced satisfactory anesthesia, but with differing durations: medetomidine &gt; pentobarbital &gt; xylazine. ERG responses were similar under medetomidine and xylazine, but relatively reduced under pentobarbital. Both \u03b12-agonists (but not pentobarbital) elicited marked hyperglycemia (peak values 316.1\u2009\u00b1\u200942.6 and 300.3\u2009\u00b1\u200929.5\u2009mg\/dL, respectively), persisting for 12\u2009h. In diabetic rats, elevated blood glucose concentrations were not affected by any of the agents, but the depth of anesthesia under medetomidine and xylazine was inadequate for ERG recording.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In nondiabetic rats, medetomidine and xylazine elicited comparable effects on ERGs that differ from pentobarbital, but both perturbed glucose metabolism, potentially confounding experimental outcomes. In STZ-diabetic rats, neither \u03b12-agent provided adequate anesthesia, while pentobarbital did so. Problems with \u03b12-anesthetic agents, including medetomidine, must be recognized to ensure meaningful interpretation of experimental results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2021.0084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T09:25:29Z","timestamp":1640769929000},"page":"156-166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Comparisons of \u03b12-Adrenergic Agents, Medetomidine and Xylazine, with Pentobarbital for Anesthesia: Important Pitfalls in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Rats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Anna R.","family":"Connell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle B.","family":"Hookham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongxu","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom."},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA."},{"name":"Diabetes Free South Carolina, BlueCross BlueShield of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek P.","family":"Brazil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom."},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA."},{"name":"Diabetes Free South Carolina, BlueCross BlueShield of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2491-4806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy Y.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom."},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","volume-title":"Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System","author":"Perlman I. 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