{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T04:09:05Z","timestamp":1789790945199,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Particulate matter (PM) is a primary cause for the development of acute and chronic dry eye disease, especially irritant-induced conjunctivitis. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of fine atmospheric PM on the rabbit ocular surface, and determine the protective effects of a synthetic antioxidant, manganese(III) tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin (Mn-TM-2-PyP),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Rabbit corneal epithelial cells (SIRC) were exposed to increasing concentrations of PM to determine the effects on cell motility and viability. The\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      effects of topically instilled PM were tested in New Zealand White rabbits. Comprehensive ophthalmic exams and corneal fluorescein staining were performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Exposure to PM resulted in dose-dependent cell death and impaired cellular motility; Mn-TM-2-PyP protected against PM-induced cytotoxicity and significantly increased SIRC cell motility.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , exposure to PM (5\u2009mg\/ml, topical, 3 times daily for 7 days) resulted in signs of dry eye, notably hyperemia, increased corneal fluorescein staining, and decreased tear volumes. Mn-TM-2-PyP significantly improved hyperemia and corneal fluorescein readouts but had no effect on tear production. Lifitegrast (Xiidra\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) showed similar pharmacologic efficacy to Mn-TM-2-PyP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, these data provide evidence that PM induces phenotypes of ocular surface disease responsive to antioxidant and immunosuppressant therapy. To our knowledge this is the first report of a large animal model to study PM-induced ocular surface disease. The present work provides standardized experimental paradigms for the comprehensive\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      testing of novel therapeutic approaches targeting PM-induced conjunctivitis and dry-eye.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2021.0131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T10:55:17Z","timestamp":1649242517000},"page":"294-304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Topical Porphyrin Antioxidant Protects Against Ocular Surface Pathology in a Novel Rabbit Model for Particulate Matter-Induced Dry Eye Disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Anita Kirti","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA."},{"name":"Visual Neurobiology and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA."},{"name":"Research &amp; Development Division, Experimentica Ltd., Forest Park, Illinois, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Bacellar-Galdino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Development Division, Experimentica Ltd., Forest Park, Illinois, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual Neurobiology and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA."},{"name":"Research &amp; Development Division, Experimentica Ltd., Forest Park, Illinois, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel E.","family":"Pappenhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Development Division, Experimentica Ltd., Forest Park, Illinois, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6878-521X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Kaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual Neurobiology and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA."},{"name":"Research &amp; Development Division, Experimentica Ltd., Forest Park, Illinois, USA."},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA."},{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology &amp; Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA."},{"name":"North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas\u2013Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13330"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-019-0296-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-016-9519-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2018.1440651"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.11.109"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.10.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111125"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13091362"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200310000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","first-page":"221","article-title":"Report of the National Eye Institute\/Industry workshop on Clinical Trials in Dry Eyes","volume":"21","author":"Lemp M.A.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lemp M.A. Report of the National Eye Institute\/Industry workshop on Clinical Trials in Dry Eyes. 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