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In contrast, although neural plasticity can provide some compensation, the central nervous system (CNS) neurons and nerves of adult mammals generally fail to regenerate after an injury or damage. However, use of diverse electrical, electromagnetic and sonographic energy waves are illuminating novel ways to stimulate neuronal differentiation, proliferation, neurite growth, and axonal elongation\/regeneration leading to various levels of functional recovery in animals and humans afflicted with disorders of the CNS, PNS, retina, and optic nerve. Tools such as acupuncture, electroacupuncture, electroshock therapy, electrical stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, red light therapy, and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy are demonstrating efficacy in treating many different maladies. These include wound healing, partial recovery from motor dysfunctions, recovery from ischemic\/reperfusion insults and CNS and ocular remyelination, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) rejuvenation, and RGC axonal regeneration. Neural rejuvenation and axonal growth\/regeneration processes involve activation or intensifying of the intrinsic bioelectric waves (action potentials) that exist in every neuronal circuit of the body. In addition, reparative factors released at the nerve terminals and via neuronal dendrites (transmitter substances), extracellular vesicles containing microRNAs and neurotrophins, and intercellular communication occurring via nanotubes aid in reestablishing lost or damaged connections between the traumatized tissues and the PNS and CNS. Many other beneficial effects of the aforementioned treatment paradigms are mediated via gene expression alterations such as downregulation of inflammatory and death-signal genes and upregulation of neuroprotective and cytoprotective genes. These varied techniques and technologies will be described and discussed covering cell-based and animal model-based studies. Data from clinical applications and linkage to human ocular diseases will also be discussed where relevant translational research has been reported.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2022.0046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T17:10:06Z","timestamp":1663693806000},"page":"477-498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Electrical, Electromagnetic, Ultrasound Wave Therapies, and Electronic Implants for Neuronal Rejuvenation, Neuroprotection, Axonal Regeneration, and IOP Reduction"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Najam A.","family":"Sharif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Alliances and External Research, Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Inc., Emeryville, California, USA."},{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore."},{"name":"SingHealth Duke-NUS Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore."},{"name":"Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, United Kingdom."},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA."},{"name":"Insitute of Ophthalmology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","unstructured":"WHO World Report on Vision 2019. 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