{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T15:53:32Z","timestamp":1777910012090,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brimonidine is a highly alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, which provides a potential myopia control effect. This study aimed to examine the pharmacokinetics and concentration of brimonidine in the posterior segment tissue of eyes in guinea pigs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS) method was successfully used for brimonidine pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution research in guinea pigs following intravitreal administration (20\u2009\u03bcg\/eye).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Brimonidine concentrations in the retina and sclera were maintained at a high level (&gt;60\u2009ng\/g) at 96\u2009h postdosing. Brimonidine concentration peaked in the retina (377.86\u2009ng\/g) at 2.41\u2009h and sclera (306.18\u2009ng\/g) at 6.98\u2009h. The area under curve (AUC\n                      <jats:sub>0\u2013\u221e<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) was 27,179.99\u2009ng h\/g in the retina and 39,529.03\u2009ng h\/g in the sclera. The elimination half-life (T\n                      <jats:sub>1\/2e<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) was 62.43\u2009h in the retina and 67.94\u2009h in the sclera.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results indicated that brimonidine was rapidly absorbed and diffused to the retina and sclera. Meanwhile, it maintained higher posterior tissue concentrations, which can effectively activate the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor. This may provide pharmacokinetic evidence for the inhibition of myopia progression by brimonidine in animal experiments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2023.0020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T16:31:11Z","timestamp":1686673871000},"page":"456-462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ocular Posterior Segment Distribution and Pharmacokinetics of Brimonidine After Intravitreal Administration in Guinea Pigs"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Aiqun","family":"Xiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Eye Hospital and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Haikou, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanyang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anzhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanting","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Eye Hospital and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Haikou, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Eye Hospital and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Haikou, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingwu","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China."},{"name":"Hainan Eye Hospital and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Haikou, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001489"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000499"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e31824ccbc3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eop.10.67"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313798"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2018.1544241"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6262"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-3293"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.6.36"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","first-page":"785","article-title":"\u03b1-adrenergic agonist brimonidine control of experimentally induced myopia in guinea pigs: A pilot study","volume":"23","author":"Liu Y","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu Y, , Wang Y, , Lv H, et al. \u03b1-adrenergic agonist brimonidine control of experimentally induced myopia in guinea pigs: A pilot study. 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