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It is projected to become the leading cause of blindness, given the increasing burden of the diabetic population worldwide. The diagnosis and management of DR pose significant challenges for physicians because of the involvement of multiple biochemical pathways and the complexity of ocular tissues. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of DR, including the polyo pathway, hexosamine pathway, protein kinase C (PKC), JAK\/STAT signaling pathways, and the renin\u2013angiotensin system (RAS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Academic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Web of Science was systematically searched using a carefully constructed search strategy incorporating keywords like \u201cDiabetic Retinopathy,\u201d \u201cMolecular Pathways,\u201d \u201cPharmacological Treatments,\u201d and \u201cClinical Trials\u201d to identify relevant literature for the comprehensive review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In addition to activating other inflammatory cascades, these pathways contribute to the generation of oxidative stress within the retina. Furthermore, it aims to explore the existing pharmacotherapy options available for the treatment of DR. In addition to conventional pharmacological therapies such as corticosteroids, antivascular endothelial growth factors, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), this review highlights the potential of repurposed drugs, phyto-pharmaceuticals, and novel pipeline drugs currently undergoing various stages of clinical trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, this review serves as a technical exploration of the complex nature of DR, highlighting both established and emerging molecular pathways implicated in its pathogenesis. Furthermore, it delves into the available pharmacological treatments, as well as the promising repurposed drugs, phyto-pharmaceuticals, and novel drugs currently being evaluated in clinical trials, with a focus on their specific mechanisms of action.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2023.0068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T11:14:57Z","timestamp":1695294897000},"page":"13-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Recent Insights into the Etiopathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy and Its Management"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Arpon","family":"Biswas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India."},{"name":"Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 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