{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T23:55:05Z","timestamp":1789430105038,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fingolimod (FTY720; FT), a structural analog of sphingosine, has potential ocular applications. The goal of this study was to develop an FT-loaded nanoemulsion (NE; FT-NE) formulation for the efficient and prolonged delivery of FT to the posterior segment of the eye through the topical route.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      FT-NE formulations were prepared using homogenization followed by the probe sonication method. The lead FT-NE formulations (0.15% and 0.3% w\/v loading), comprising soybean oil as oil and Tween\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      80 and Poloxamer 188 as surfactants, were further evaluated for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      release, surface morphology, filtration sterilization, and stability at refrigerated temperature. Ocular bioavailability following topical application of FT-NE (0.3%) was examined in Sprague-Dawley rats.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The formulation, at both dose levels, showed desirable physicochemical characteristics, a nearly spherical shape with homogenous nanometric size distribution, and was stable for 180 days (last time point checked) at refrigerated temperature postfiltration through a polyethersulfone (0.22 \u00b5m) membrane.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      release studies showed prolonged release over 24 h, compared with the control FT solution (FT-S).\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      studies revealed that effective concentrations of FT were achieved in the vitreous humor and retina following topical application of FT-NE.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results from these studies demonstrate that the FT-NE formulation can serve as a viable platform for the ocular delivery of FT through the topical route.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2024.0055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T12:39:43Z","timestamp":1720442383000},"page":"504-512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Ophthalmic Nanoemulsion Fingolimod Formulation for Topical Application"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Rama","family":"Kashikar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Senapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narendar","family":"Dudhipala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandip K.","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Hamilton Eye Institute, Memphis, Tennessee, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawajes","family":"Mandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Hamilton Eye Institute, Memphis, Tennessee, USA."},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumyajit","family":"Majumdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, USA."},{"name":"Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-014-0264-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.76"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44047-z"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","first-page":"S20","article-title":"Clinical immunology of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Mehling M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mehling M, , Johnson TA, , Antel J, et al. 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