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Interferon beta (IFN-\u03b2), a pleiotropic cytokine is known for its neuroprotective and antifibrotic potential. Hence, we investigated the intraocular status of IFN-\u03b2 in patients with primary glaucoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aqueous humor (AqH) from patients with primary glaucoma [107 eyes; primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), 59 eyes; primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), 48 eyes] and controls (70 eyes) were collected during cataract surgery and\/or trabeculectomy. TM from patients with POAG (20 eyes) and PACG (18 eyes) was collected during trabeculectomy. IFN-\u03b2 in AqH was measured using bead-based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of IFN-\u03b2 in TM was measured by quantitative PCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      AqH-IFN-\u03b2 levels were significantly (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05) lower in patients with glaucoma, particularly in patients with POAG compared with controls (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.723,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001; odds ratio of 5.1,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001). AqH-IFN-\u03b2 levels correlated positively with visual field index of both patients with POAG (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.307;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0321) and PACG (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.518; P = 0.0007). Whereas, AqH-IFN-\u03b2 levels correlated positively with retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with POAG (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.460;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0042) only. TM-IFN-\u03b2 mRNA expression was significantly lower in glaucoma patients with poor IOP control compared with those with good IOP control by IOP-lowering medications.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lower IFN-\u03b2 in AqH and TM of patients with glaucoma and its association with clinical indices suggests its neuroprotective and antifibrotic role in glaucoma. The findings highlight the potential for IFN-\u03b2-based prognostication and therapy in the management of glaucoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2025.0085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T03:23:59Z","timestamp":1749439439000},"page":"408-417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lower Levels of Endogenous Intraocular Interferon Beta in Patients with Primary Glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Archana","family":"Padmanabhan Nair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW Research Lab, Narayana Netralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India."},{"name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen","family":"Machiraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW Research Lab, Narayana Netralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushma","family":"Tejwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoruba","family":"Dinakaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sathi Devi","family":"a.v.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naren","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6570-5891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arkasubhra","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW Research Lab, Narayana Netralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swaminathan","family":"Sethu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW Research Lab, Narayana Netralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30489-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271736"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051828"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3192"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1130_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2006.01368.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000640"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.6.701"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(98)00223-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.10.1268"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2023-323708"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogla.2021.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.10.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.07.003"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","first-page":"588","article-title":"Some clinical implications of the collaborative normal tension glaucoma study","volume":"106","author":"Drance SM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Drance SM. 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