{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T16:07:33Z","timestamp":1777910853143,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Palliative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Palliative care in Thailand was not well established in the past, but it is better supported by many organizations at present. Despite the change in the situation, the availability of essential drugs for palliative care has not been well studied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our aim was to update the medical community on the current situation of essential drug availability for palliative care in Thai hospitals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care (IAHPC) list of 34 essential drugs for palliative care was used in this survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five hundred and fifty-five hospitals replied to the questionnaire (response rate 57%). Eleven of the 24 nonopioid drugs were available above 90% in all hospitals. However, nonopioid drugs generally were less available in community hospitals (CH) and general hospitals (GH) than in large hospitals (LH). Tramadol was the most available weak opioid. Injectable morphine was the most available form of strong opioid in Thailand (96.9%). For the overall picture of oral morphine, immediate-release morphine was a less available form than the controlled-release form (32.2% versus 51.0%). Controlled-release oral morphine had a nearly two-fold better availability than immediate-release oral morphine in CH, GH, and LH, that is, cancer centers (CC), medical school hospitals (MH), regional hospitals (RH), and other government hospitals. In contrast, in private hospitals (PH), there was no difference between the availability of the controlled-release form and the immediate-release form. Transdermal fentanyl and methadone were also less available in Thailand (14.6% versus 16.5%, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LH and PH have better overall nonopioid and opioid medication availability than CH and GH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2012.0520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,13]],"date-time":"2013-05-13T12:01:59Z","timestamp":1368446519000},"page":"546-550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Palliative Care and Essential Drug Availability: Thailand National Survey 2012"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rojanasak","family":"Thongkhamcharoen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maesot General Hospital","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Temsak","family":"Phungrassami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince of Songkla University","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narumol","family":"Atthakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Security Office","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright M Hamzah E Phungrassami T Bausa-Claudio A. Hospice and Palliative Care in Southeast Asia: A Review of Developments and Challenges in Malaysia Thailand and the Philippines. 1st. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2010.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199574964.003.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"Lynch T Clark D Connor S. Mapping levels of palliative care development: A global update 2011. Worldwide Palliative Care Alliance 2011. www.thewpca.org. 2012 March 11."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2007.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","volume-title":"Proceeding of the UICC World Cancer Congress 2006. Bridging the Gap: Transforming Knowledge into Action","author":"Nilmanat K","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nilmanat K, , Phungrassami T. Status of end of life care in Thailand. Proceeding of the UICC World Cancer Congress 2006. Bridging the Gap: Transforming Knowledge into Action, July 8\u201312, 2006 Washington, DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"The Healthcare Accreditation Institutes [Public Organization]. Hospital and Healthcare Standard. 60th anniversary year Celebration of His Majesty's Accession to the Throne. 2006; 171\u2013174. www.ha.or.th\/ha2010\/upload\/processBasic\/htmlfiles\/78-5583-0.pdf. 2012 March 11."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","unstructured":"Palliative Care Formulary. www.palliativedrugs.com\/palliative-care-formulary.html. 2012 July 15."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"Thai Food and Drug Administration (FDA). National list of essential drugs. www.thaifda.com\/ed2547\/?pg=result. 2013 January 1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NJH.0b013e3181b41f82"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"277","volume-title":"Family Medicine: Concept and Experience in Thai Context","author":"Thongkhamcharoen R","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thongkhamcharoen R. Role of Family physician in palliative care. Hatthirat S. Family Medicine: Concept and Experience in Thai Context, 1st. Nonthaburi: Sahamit Publishing, 2010; 277\u2013292.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","unstructured":"Thai Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Narcotic procurement section. http:\/\/fdaolap.fda.moph.go.th\/narcoticprocurementsection\/home\/. 2013 January 1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J088v09n01_02"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-3924(93)90076-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","first-page":"361","article-title":"Cancer pain: Progress and ongoing issues in Thailand","volume":"14","author":"Nagaviroj K","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nagaviroj K, , Jaturapatporn D. Cancer pain: Progress and ongoing issues in Thailand. 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