{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T17:08:11Z","timestamp":1777914491746,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]],"date-time":"2015-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Palliative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cough is a distressing symptom in advanced cancer. Opioids are used to relieve respiratory symptoms including dyspnea and cough. In addition to a central mechanism, opioids are thought to work peripherally via opioid receptors of the lung. Therefore, direct inhalation of morphine has been investigated in chronic lung disease or cancer. We report our experience of a nebulized form of morphine to control intractable cough in patients with advanced cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Case 1 is a 63-year-old female with terminal lung cancer complaining of a severe dry cough with dyspnea and sleeplessness. Case 2 is a 53-year-old female with thymic carcinoma with multiple lung metastases suffering from severe cough accompanying chest pain and dyspnea. With usual treatment, cough did not improve in these patients. We then administered a nebulized form of morphine: hydrochloro-morphine 5\u2009mg mixed with 3\u2009mL normal saline inhaled by mouth using a nebulizer. When the morphine dose was increased to 10\u2009mg and 15\u2009mg, the patients' cough was relieved to a symptom level of moderate and mild, respectively. Without experiencing any severe systemic side effects of opioids, the patients continued nebulized morphine until death or discharge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nebulized morphine was effective in controlling intractable cough due to cancer and it was convenient and safe.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2014.0126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,13]],"date-time":"2015-02-13T17:43:17Z","timestamp":1423849397000},"page":"278-281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Nebulized Morphine for Intractable Cough in Advanced Cancer: Two Case Reports"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ho Jung","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Il-Kyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Jin","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi Hong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hoon-Kyo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.1_suppl.147S"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197505222922106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(00)00434-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104990919701400201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/082585979100700202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/026921601678320278"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"24","article-title":"Neuropeptide signal transduction in lung cancer: Clinical implications of bradykinin sensitivity and overall heterogeneity","volume":"52","author":"Bunn PA","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bunn PAJr, , Chan D, , Dienhart DG, et al.: Neuropeptide signal transduction in lung cancer: Clinical implications of bradykinin sensitivity and overall heterogeneity. Cancer Res, 1992; 52:24\u201331.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.48.4.339"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/139.1.126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216311423793"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1988.tb11661.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-3924(90)90048-O"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1E328"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.11.939"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","volume-title":"Paper presented at: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology","author":"Davis CL","year":"1992","unstructured":"Davis CL, , Lam W, , Butcher M: Low systemic bioavailability of nebulized morphine: Potential therapeutic role for the relief of dyspnea. Paper presented at: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, San Diego, 1992."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200009000-00009"}],"container-title":["Journal of Palliative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/jpm.2014.0126","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/jpm.2014.0126","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/jpm.2014.0126","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:53:27Z","timestamp":1777654407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/jpm.2014.0126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/jpm.2014.0126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jpm.2014.0126","relation":{},"ISSN":["1096-6218","1557-7740"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1096-6218","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7740","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]}}}