{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T17:30:39Z","timestamp":1777915839930,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urinary incontinence (UI) affects the quality of life of millions of women world-wide. Prevalence estimates for UI range from 10% to 40%, but information on young and mid-life women, especially among Hispanics, is limited. This study estimated UI prevalence and its association with body mass index (BMI) in a population-based sample of 276 female residents of Bayam\u00f3n, Puerto Rico (PR) aged 21\u201364 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cluster sampling design was employed. Women were interviewed to gather data on sociodemographic, clinical, gynecologic, and UI characteristics. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the study sample. Bivariate analyses of factors potentially associated with UI and BMI were conducted using generalized linear models (GLM). Multivariate GLM was used to determine the covariate adjusted association between BMI and UI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of UI was 34.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 29.4\u201340.6%). Among women with UI, stress incontinence was most frequent (46.8%), followed by mixed (41.5%) and urge incontinence (11.7%). More than 45% of participants were either overweight (25\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u2009BMI\u2009\u2264\u200929.9\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) or obese (BMI\u2009\u2265\u200930\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). The adjusted analysis revealed that women with a BMI\u2009\u2265\u200930\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      had 1.96 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.06) times the probability of having UI compared to women with a BMI\u2009&lt;\u200925\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>UI is a public health problem among this population, and obesity marginally increases the possibility of having this condition. Public health efforts should focus on reducing obesity in PR, in order to have an impact on UI morbidity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2008.1207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,29]],"date-time":"2009-09-29T07:56:15Z","timestamp":1254210975000},"page":"1607-1614","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence and Its Association with Body Mass Index among Women in Puerto Rico"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Magdalena","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus","place":["Puerto Rico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana P.","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus","place":["Puerto Rico"]},{"name":"University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center","place":["Puerto Rico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(03)00220-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"311","article-title":"Women's lower urinary tract function and dysfunction: definitions and epidemiology","volume":"56","author":"Hayek S","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hayek S, , Abrams P. Women's lower urinary tract function and dysfunction: definitions and epidemiology. Minerva Gynecol, 2004; 56:311\u2013325.","journal-title":"Minerva Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"211","article-title":"Exploring women's beliefs regarding urinary incontinence","volume":"21","author":"Bush T","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bush T, , Deborah T, , Phillips C. Exploring women's beliefs regarding urinary incontinence. Urol Nurs, 2001; 21:211\u2013218.","journal-title":"Urol Nurs"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001920070021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.5.537"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(03)00755-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Incontinencia urinaria en mujeres del Distrito Federal","volume":"57","author":"Vel\u00e1zquez M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vel\u00e1zquez M, , Aguirre G, , \u00c1lvarez R et al. Incontinencia urinaria en mujeres del Distrito Federal. Anal Med, 2007; 57:14\u201321.","journal-title":"Anal Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"1230","article-title":"Urinary incontinence predictors and life impact in ethnically diverse perimenopausal women","volume":"100","author":"Sampselle C","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sampselle C, , Harlow S, , Skurnick J et al. Urinary incontinence predictors and life impact in ethnically diverse perimenopausal women. 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