{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:40:34Z","timestamp":1790872834611,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]],"date-time":"2009-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257033600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the 1994 Rwandan genocide, rape was used as a weapon of war to transmit HIV. This study measures trauma experiences of Rwandan women and identifies predictors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Rwandan Women's Interassociation Study and Assessment (RWISA) is a prospective observational cohort study designed to assess effectiveness and toxicity of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected Rwandan women. In 2005, a Rwandan-adapted Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) were used to assess genocide trauma events and prevalence of PTSD (HTQ mean &gt;2) and depressive symptoms (CES-D\u2009\u2265\u200916) for 850 women (658 HIV-positive and 192 HIV-negative).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PTSD was common in HIV-positive (58%) and HIV-negative women (66%) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.05). Women with HIV had a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms than HIV-negative women (81% vs. 65%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Independent predictors for increased PTSD were experiencing more genocide-related trauma events and having more depressive symptoms. Independent predictors for increased depressive symptoms were making &lt;$18 a month, HIV infection (and, among HIV-positive women, having lower CD4 cell counts), a history of genocidal rape, and having more PTSD symptoms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of PTSD and depressive symptoms is high in women in the RWISA cohort. Four of five HIV-infected women had depressive symptoms, with highest rates among women with CD4 cell counts &lt;200. In addition to treatment with antiretroviral therapy, economic empowerment and identification and treatment of depression and PTSD may reduce morbidity and mortality among women in postconflict countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2009.1367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T15:37:13Z","timestamp":1259681833000},"page":"1783-1791","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Prevalence and Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression in HIV-Infected and At-Risk Rwandan Women"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Mardge H.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"John Stroger (formerly Cook County) Hospital and Rush University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Fabri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heartland Alliance Marjorie Kovler Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaotao","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Solutions"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuhu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York Medical College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald R.","family":"Hoover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Binagwaho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Health","place":["Rwanda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Culhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henriette","family":"Mukanyonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Women's Interassociation Study and Assessment","place":["Rwanda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davis Ksahaka","family":"Karegeya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forum Des Activistes Contre La Torture in Rwanda","place":["Rwanda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Anastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2008. 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