{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:29:16Z","timestamp":1790677756967,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]],"date-time":"2014-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]],"date-time":"2014-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sex and gender differences have long been a research topic of interest, yet few studies have explored the specific differences in neurological responses between men and women during and after spaceflight. Knowledge in this field is limited due to the significant disproportion of sexes enrolled in the astronaut corps. Research indicates that general neurological and sensory differences exist between the sexes, such as those in laterality of amygdala activity, sensitivity and discrimination in vision processing, and neuronal cell death (apoptosis) pathways. In spaceflight, sex differences may include a higher incidence of entry and space motion sickness and of post-flight vestibular instability in female as opposed to male astronauts who flew on both short- and long-duration missions. Hearing and auditory function in crewmembers shows the expected hearing threshold differences between men and women, in which female astronauts exhibit better hearing thresholds. Longitudinal observations of hearing thresholds for crewmembers yield normal age-related decrements; however, no evidence of sex-related differences from spaceflight has been observed. The impact of sex and gender differences should be studied by making spaceflight accessible and flying more women into space. Only in this way will we know if increasingly longer-duration missions cause significantly different neurophysiological responses in men and women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2014.4908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]],"date-time":"2014-11-17T08:52:29Z","timestamp":1416214349000},"page":"959-962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Effects of Sex and Gender on Adaptation to Space: Neurosensory Systems"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Millard F.","family":"Reschke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Johnson Space Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen S.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jody M.","family":"Cerisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology and Engineering Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine A.","family":"Clayton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronita","family":"Cromwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universities Space Research Association"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard W.","family":"Danielson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma Y.","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology and Engineering Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candace","family":"Tingen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Headquarters"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Tomko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Headquarters"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1909"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2002.4.2\/tshors"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-002-0072-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Hines M. Brain gender. New York: Oxford University Press 2004."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.2000.3999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.70504"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.162356599"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-6-33"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.6.842"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2042-6410-3-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2042-6410-3-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"235","volume-title":"Handbook of gender research in psychology","author":"Schroeder JA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schroeder JA. Sex and gender in sensation and perception. In: Chrisler JC, , McCreary DR, eds. Handbook of gender research in psychology. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 2006:235\u2013257."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-006-0197-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989210700311"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2011.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000175987.59991.3d"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.100420"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-1998-8203"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-8-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p5209"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"263","volume-title":"Motion and space sickness","author":"Reschke MF","year":"1990","unstructured":"Reschke MF. Statistical prediction of space motion sickness. In: Crampton GH, ed. Motion and space sickness. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1990:263\u2013316."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Motion and space sickness","author":"Harm DL","year":"1990","unstructured":"Harm DL. Physiology of motion sickness symptoms. In: Crampton GH, ed. Motion and space sickness. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1990:153\u2013177."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","volume-title":"Poster presentation at 18th IAA Humans in Space Symposium","author":"Esteves JT","unstructured":"Esteves JT, , Taylor LC, , Vanya RD, , Dean SL, , Wood SJ. Postural control decrements using long duration bed rest as a spaceflight analog. Poster presentation at 18th IAA Humans in Space Symposium, April 11\u201315, 2011, Houston, TX."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-009-1096-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.412231"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","unstructured":"American National Standards Institute. Determination of occupational noise exposure and estimation of noise-induced hearing impairment (with Erratum). Standard S 3.44-1996. New York: Acoustical Society of America 1996 (rev 2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"47","article-title":"The influence of ageing on noise-induced hearing loss","volume":"5","author":"Rosenhall U","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rosenhall U. The influence of ageing on noise-induced hearing loss. Noise Health, 2003; 5:47\u201353.","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.14.1522"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.21.1715"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"Detection and clinical diagnosis of noise-induced hearing loss by otoacoustic emissions","volume":"3","author":"Attias J","year":"2001","unstructured":"Attias J, , Horovitz G, , El-Hatib N, , Nageris B. Detection and clinical diagnosis of noise-induced hearing loss by otoacoustic emissions. Noise Health, 2001; 3:19\u201331.","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-59980300637-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.50695"}],"container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/jwh.2014.4908","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/jwh.2014.4908","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/jwh.2014.4908","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:41:44Z","timestamp":1777657304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/jwh.2014.4908"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/jwh.2014.4908"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jwh.2014.4908","relation":{},"ISSN":["1540-9996","1931-843X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1540-9996","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-843X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}}}