{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T21:37:17Z","timestamp":1785361037032,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]],"date-time":"2015-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unintended pregnancies are a major public health problem in the United States, and intrauterine devices (IUDs) are among the most effective reversible birth control methods available. Historically, there have been concerns about IUD use and infection among young and\/or high-risk women that may increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and subsequent infertility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The Contraceptive CHOICE Project (CHOICE) was a prospective cohort study of over 9,000 women 14\u201345 years of age residing in the St. Louis area who were interested in initiating a new form of reversible contraception. At enrollment, participants were counseled regarding long-acting contraceptive methods with the goal of increasing awareness of all reversible methods available. Participants were also tested for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (GC) and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (CT) during enrollment and were provided with contraception at no cost for 2\u20133 years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We estimate the frequency of self-reported PID in new IUD users compared with women using other contraceptive methods. Among both new IUD users who tested positive for GC and\/or CT and those who tested negative, the PID rate was 1% or below.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results demonstrate that IUD use is safe for all women, including women at high risk for sexually transmitted infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2015.5190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,3]],"date-time":"2015-04-03T11:04:27Z","timestamp":1428059067000},"page":"354-359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Positive Testing for\n                    <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i>\n                    and the Risk of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in IUD Users"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Natalia E.","family":"Birgisson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"This research was presented in part at the Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society in Obstetrics and Gynecology, August 7, 2010, Santa Fe, New Mexico."},{"name":"Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuhong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"This research was presented in part at the Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society in Obstetrics and Gynecology, August 7, 2010, Santa Fe, New Mexico."},{"name":"Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina M.","family":"Secura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"This research was presented in part at the Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society in Obstetrics and Gynecology, August 7, 2010, Santa Fe, New Mexico."},{"name":"Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa","family":"Madden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"This research was presented in part at the Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society in Obstetrics and Gynecology, August 7, 2010, Santa Fe, New Mexico."},{"name":"Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey F.","family":"Peipert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"This research was presented in part at the Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society in Obstetrics and Gynecology, August 7, 2010, Santa Fe, New Mexico."},{"name":"Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1110855"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.06.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis.. World Contraceptive Use 2013. Available at: www.un.org\/en\/development\/desa\/population\/publications\/family\/contraceptive-wallchart-2013.shtml Accessed October18 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200206000-00037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2009.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1990.tb02571.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"CD007043","article-title":"Copper containing intrauterine devices versus depot progestogens for contraception","author":"Hofmeyr GJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hofmeyr GJ, , Singata M, , Lawrie TA. Copper containing intrauterine devices versus depot progestogens for contraception. 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United States medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use 2010. MMRW Recomm Rep 2010; 59(RR04):1\u201386."},{"issue":"115","key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","first-page":"e1","article-title":"The Contraceptive CHOICE Project: Reducing barriers to long-acting reversible contraception","volume":"203","author":"Secura GM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Secura GM, , Allsworth JE, , Madden T, , Mullersman JL, , Peipert JF. The Contraceptive CHOICE Project: Reducing barriers to long-acting reversible contraception. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2010; 203:115. e1\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-0997(1997)5:4<291::AID-IDOG6>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.113847"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31828ac03a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","unstructured":"Jones J Mosher W Daniels K. 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