{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T21:54:10Z","timestamp":1781560450749,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,12]],"date-time":"2016-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1455235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Data on combined hormonal oral contraceptives' (OCs) effects on metabolic changes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have been conflicting and were predominantly based on OCs with cyproterone acetate (unavailable in the United States) Most studies did not include normal women as controls. We compared metabolic changes before and after an OC commonly used in the United States between women with and without PCOS.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Ten PCOS and 20 control women took ethinyl estradiol 35\u2009\u03bcg and norgestimate 0.18\/0.215\/0.25\u2009mg. Fasting glucose and insulin, area-under-the-curve (AUC) glucose and insulin, insulin sensitivity (homeostatic model assessment of insulin sensitivity index [HOMA-ISI] and Matsuda index), insulinogenic index (\u0394insulin\n 0\u201330 minutes<\/jats:sub>\n \/\u0394glucose\n 0\u201330 minutes<\/jats:sub>\n ), blood pressure, and lipids were evaluated at baseline and after three cycles of OC.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n At baseline, PCOS women had lower insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.0093, HOMA-ISI\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.0397), higher fasting insulin (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.0495), fasting glucose (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.0393), AUC insulin (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.0023), and triglycerides (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.0044) versus controls. Baseline AUC glucose did not differ between PCOS women and controls. After 3 months of OC use, glucose tolerance worsened in PCOS women versus controls (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.0468). Higher baseline androgens were predictive of worsened glucose tolerance, and a reduction of AUC insulin during OC use. The insulinogenic index significantly decreased in PCOS women (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.01), while fasting insulin and insulin resistance significantly worsened in control women.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Women with PCOS exhibited worsened glucose tolerance (demonstrated by AUC glucose) after 3 months of a commonly used OC compared with control women. Larger studies with longer follow-up should confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2015.5418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,12]],"date-time":"2016-02-12T17:03:09Z","timestamp":1455296589000},"page":"638-645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Metabolic Effects of a Commonly Used Combined Hormonal Oral Contraceptive in Women With and Without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Adeola A.","family":"Adeniji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina A.","family":"Essah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Nestler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University"},{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University"},{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University, Institute for Women's Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai I.","family":"Cheang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University"},{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University, Institute for Women's Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199509283331307"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1045"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.11.6148"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","first-page":"1052","article-title":"Enhanced early insulin response to glucose in relation to insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and normal glucose tolerance","volume":"78","author":"Holte J","year":"1994","unstructured":"Holte J, , Bergh T, , Berne C, , Berglund L, , Lithell H. 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