{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T17:42:24Z","timestamp":1777916544024,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the hypothesis that increased uptake of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) by women played a role in the declining abortion rates observed in New Zealand between 2008 and 2014.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This quantitative ecological study analyzed routinely collected national data pertaining to abortion numbers, contraceptive prescriptions, and census population estimates for the period 2004\u20132014. Annual prescription and prevalence rates (per 1000 women) were calculated for short- and long-acting methods to investigate changes over time. Poisson's regression was used to (1) test whether the abortion rate changed by year; (2) whether 2010 (when the contraceptive implant became subsidized) was a significant point of change; and (3) test the relationship between declining abortions and patterns of contraceptive use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Estimated LARC prevalence increased from 2009 to 2014, with a corresponding decrease observed in prescription of short-acting methods. The declining abortion rate accelerated each year from 2008 to 2014 (with a faster decline from 2010 to 2014), but 2010 was not a significant point of change. Three factors had statistically significant associations with declining abortion rates (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01): year (acting as a surrogate for all social changes), women's use of the levonorgestrel (LNG)-implant, and the combined model: use of the LNG-implant and copper intrauterine device (CuIUD) had the best fit (using Akaike's Information Criterion), indicating that this variable explained more of the year-to-year variability in abortion rates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The shift toward women's increased use of the two publically funded LARC methods (LNG-implants and CuIUD) was significantly associated with the declining abortion rates in New Zealand.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2018.7632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]],"date-time":"2019-10-10T12:52:16Z","timestamp":1570711936000},"page":"21-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association Between Women's Use of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception and Declining Abortion Rates in New Zealand"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Catherine E.","family":"Whitley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sally B.","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Health Care and General Practice, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dalice","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hera","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","unstructured":"Abortion Supervisory Committee. Report of the Abortion Supervisory Committee 2014. Presented to the House of Representatives pursuant to Section 39 of the Contraception Sterilisation and Abortion Act 1977. Available at: www.parliament.nz\/en\/pb\/papers-presented\/current-papers\/document\/51DBHOH_PAP62375_1\/abortion-supervisory-committee-annual-report-2014-e28#RelatedAnchor Accessed March17 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","unstructured":"Statistics New Zealand. Infoshare\u2014Abortion rates by age of women 2016. Available at: http:\/\/archive.stats.govt.nz\/infoshare\/SelectVariables.aspx?pxID=7fc9339c-fe99-fe4d29-b471-476e9c617e5694 Accessed November19 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","unstructured":"United Kingdom Department of Health. Abortion statistics England and Wales: 2014. Available at: www.dh.gov.uk\/prod_consum_dh\/groups\/dh_digitalassets\/documents\/digitalasset\/dh_116336.pdf Accessed November19 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","unstructured":"Guttmacher Institute. Contraceptive use in the United States. 2015. Available at: www.guttmacher.org\/sites\/default\/files\/factsheet\/fb_contr_use_0.pdf Accessed November19 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","first-page":"16","article-title":"Abortion debate: A steep drop in unintended pregnancy is driving recent abortion declines","volume":"19","author":"Dreweke J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dreweke J. Abortion debate: A steep drop in unintended pregnancy is driving recent abortion declines. Guttmacher Policy Rev, 2016; 19:16\u201322.","journal-title":"Guttmacher Policy Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Adolescents and long-acting reversible contraception: Implants and intrauterine devices. ACOG Committee Opinion 2012; 539. Available at: www.acog.org\/Resources-And-Publications\/Committee-Opinions\/Committee-on-Adolescent-Health-Care\/Adolescents-and-Long-Acting-Reversible-Contraception Accessed November19 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182a91f45"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2018.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2658"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2015.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.06.102"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2010.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2008.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.10.278"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318273eb56"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","first-page":"961","article-title":"Association between long-acting reversible contraceptive use, teenage pregnancy, and abortion rates in England","volume":"6","author":"Connolly A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Connolly A, , Pietri G, , Yu J, et al. Association between long-acting reversible contraceptive use, teenage pregnancy, and abortion rates in England. Int J Womens Health, 2014; 6:961\u2013974.","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","first-page":"341","article-title":"Long-acting reversible contraception free of charge decreases abortion rates","volume":"28","author":"Gissler M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gissler M, , Gyllenberg F, , Juselius M, et al. Long-acting reversible contraception free of charge decreases abortion rates. Eur J Public Health, 2018; 28(Suppl 4):341. DOI: 10.1093\/eurpub\/cky214.093","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","unstructured":"Pharmacology and Therapeutics Advisory Committee (PTAC) New Zealand. Reproductive and Sexual Health Subcommittee of PTAC meeting minutes (meeting held June 25 2012). Available at: www.pharmac.govt.nz\/assets\/ptac-reproductive-and-sexual-health-subcommittee-minutes-2012-06-25.pdf Accessed November19 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","unstructured":"Family Planning New Zealand. Fees and charges. 2017. Available at: www.familyplanning.org.nz\/clinics\/fees#CSC Accessed April29 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","unstructured":"Family Planning New Zealand. Pregnancy and abortion rates drop\u2014Disparity still a concern. Available at: https:\/\/issuu.com\/familyplanningnewzealand\/docs\/forum_march_2014_issuu Accessed November19 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","unstructured":"Abortion Law Reform Association. Media release: As abortions decline let's boost support for contraception. Available at: http:\/\/alranz.org\/author\/alranz\/page\/18 Accessed November19 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","unstructured":"Family Planning New Zealand. The law around abortion. 2016. 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