{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T03:01:09Z","timestamp":1789527669471,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Endometriosis affects around 10% of women worldwide. Many women with endometriosis struggle with finding adequate pain management, and data from other countries suggest that women use cannabis, either legal or illicit, to help manage their endometriosis symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine use of cannabis where endometriosis was self-identified as a condition that was being treated with cannabis, as well as the impact of cannabis use on the usage on other pharmaceuticals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional online survey of those using cannabis for health-related conditions run between May and July 2019. This article reports on the subset of this larger data set for those reporting they had a diagnosis of endometriosis and\/or polycystic ovary syndrome. Data were collected on demographics, modes of cannabis administration, symptoms treated, changes in pharmaceutical usage, and adverse events.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two hundred thirteen valid responses were analyzed. Mean age of respondents was 32 years and 79.8% were current cannabis users. The most common outcomes that cannabis was used for were to improve pain relief (95.5%) and to improve sleep (95.5%). Respondents reported that their symptom was \u201cmuch better\u201d for pain (81%), sleep (79%), and nausea or vomiting (61%). Over three-quarters (81.4%) indicated cannabis had reduced their normal medication usage. Over half (59%) were able to completely stop a medication, most commonly (66%) analgesics. Opioids (40%) were the most common class of analgesic stopped.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cannabis is reported as an effective intervention for pain and other endometriosis symptoms with potential substitution effects on opioid usage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T19:15:05Z","timestamp":1607109305000},"page":"1485-1492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Illicit Cannabis Usage as a Management Strategy in New Zealand Women with Endometriosis: An Online Survey"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Mike","family":"Armour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia."},{"name":"Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (MRINZ), Wellington, New Zealand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Sinclair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoff","family":"Noller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice &amp; Rural Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Girling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Larcombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice &amp; Rural Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud A.","family":"Al-Dabbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Hollow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal Health, Greymouth, Aotearoa, New Zealand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Bush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endometriosis New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia."},{"name":"Auckland Gynaecology Group and Repromed Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand."},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1752"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew293"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60692-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Endometriosis in Australia: Prevalence and hospitalisations. Canberra:. 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1810764"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2284026519838948"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey115"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12594"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.05.090"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2008.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmw031"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2019.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","first-page":"CD009590","article-title":"Endometriosis: An overview of Cochrane Reviews","volume":"2014","author":"Brown J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brown J, , Farquhar C. Endometriosis: An overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2014; 2014:CD009590.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.11.051"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003267"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Opioid harm in Australia: And comparisons between Australia and Canada. Canberra:. 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-019-2431-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.08.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja17.01247"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","unstructured":"Stats NZ. Ethnicity culture and identify: Ethnicity 2018. Available at: https:\/\/www.stats.govt.nz\/tools\/2018-census-place-summaries\/new-zealand?gclid=Cj0KCQjwtLT1BRD9ARIsAMH3BtXKUnpGSv0wzD7CZ9rM4bjZHFShWOnKPUdnRVEnLvLdiWU6X5PvzOYaApBVEALw_wcB#identity Accessed June22 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","unstructured":"Stats NZ. Household income and housing-cost statistics: Year ended June 2018 2018. Available at: https:\/\/www.stats.govt.nz\/information-releases\/household-income-and-housing-cost-statistics-year-ended-june-2018 Accessed June22 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","unstructured":"Stats NZ. Subnational population estimates: At 30 June 2019 (provisional): Subnational population estimates: At 30 June 2019\u2014CSV 2019. Available at: https:\/\/www.stats.govt.nz\/information-releases\/subnational-population-estimates-at-30-june-2019-provisional Accessed June22 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"New Zealand Health Survey 2012\/13: Characteristics of medicinal cannabis users","volume":"129","author":"Pledger M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pledger M, , Martin G, , Cumming J. New Zealand Health Survey 2012\/13: Characteristics of medicinal cannabis users. N Z Med J, 2016; 129:25\u201336.","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","unstructured":"New Zealand Ministry of Social Development. All main benefits\u2014December 2019 quarter. 2019. https:\/\/www.msd.govt.nz\/about-msd-and-our-work\/publications-resources\/statistics\/benefit\/latest-quarterly-results\/all-main-benefits.html Accessed June22 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","unstructured":"Stats NZ. Labour market statistics: June 2019 quarter: Employment rate. 2019. https:\/\/www.stats.govt.nz\/information-releases\/labour-market-statistics-june-2019-quarter Accessed June22 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223316"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","first-page":"56","article-title":"Metformin use in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Johnson NP","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johnson NP. Metformin use in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Ann Transl Med, 2014; 2:56.","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","volume-title":"The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research","author":"National Academies of Sciences","year":"2017","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, , Engineering and Medicine. The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2009.00703.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.091414"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2016.0007"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200342040-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2017.0012"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2012.684624"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.4005"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-6-35"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-019-0278-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-017-0080-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12635"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.02.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31824c5e4c"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2009.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2015.01.059"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00756.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00521.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2016.0035"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2018.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.01.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02221.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yco.0000218592.00689.e5"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001178"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e536"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-013-0512-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00228914"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.04846"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29036"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303818"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/16066350902974753"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_65_2","first-page":"7","article-title":"No smoke, no fire: What the initial literature suggests regarding vapourized cannabis and respiratory risk","volume":"51","author":"Loflin M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Loflin M, , Earleywine M. No smoke, no fire: What the initial literature suggests regarding vapourized cannabis and respiratory risk. Can J Respir Ther, 2015; 51:7\u20139.","journal-title":"Can J Respir Ther"}],"container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/jwh.2020.8668","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/jwh.2020.8668","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/jwh.2020.8668","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:53:44Z","timestamp":1777658024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/jwh.2020.8668"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/jwh.2020.8668"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jwh.2020.8668","relation":{},"ISSN":["1540-9996","1931-843X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1540-9996","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-843X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}}}