{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T12:31:11Z","timestamp":1784205071521,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The impact of sex and gender in the incidence and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains controversial. Here, we aim to describe the characteristics of COVID-19 patients at disease onset, with special focus on the diagnosis and management of female patients with COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We explored the unstructured free text in the electronic health records (EHRs) within the SESCAM Healthcare Network (Castilla La-Mancha, Spain). The study sample comprised the entire population with available EHRs (1,446,452 patients) from January 1st to May 1st, 2020. We extracted patients' clinical information upon diagnosis, progression, and outcome for all COVID-19 cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 4,780 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 were identified. Of these, 2,443 (51%) were female, who were on average 1.5 years younger than male patients (61.7\u2009\u00b1\u200919.4 vs. 63.3\u2009\u00b1\u200918.3,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0025). There were more female COVID-19 cases in the 15\u201359-year-old interval, with the greatest sex ratio (95% confidence interval) observed in the 30\u201339-year-old range (1.69; 1.35\u20132.11). Upon diagnosis, headache, anosmia, and ageusia were significantly more frequent in females than males. Imaging by chest X-ray or blood tests were performed less frequently in females (65.5% vs. 78.3% and 49.5% vs. 63.7%, respectively), all\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001. Regarding hospital resource use, females showed less frequency of hospitalization (44.3% vs. 62.0%) and intensive care unit admission (2.8% vs. 6.3%) than males, all\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results indicate important sex-dependent differences in the diagnosis, clinical manifestation, and treatment of patients with COVID-19. These results warrant further research to identify and close the gender gap in the ongoing pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T12:16:52Z","timestamp":1610108212000},"page":"393-404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Evidence of Gender Differences in the Diagnosis and Management of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients: An Analysis of Electronic Health Records Using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Julio","family":"Ancochea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain."},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose L.","family":"Izquierdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain."},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Savana COVID-19 Research Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan B.","family":"Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain."},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","unstructured":"WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019 Accessed July9 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2529"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","unstructured":"Emergencies preparedness response. Pneumonia of unknown cause\u2014China. 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