{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:12:30Z","timestamp":1791889950608,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infection in pregnancy. Known risk factors for UTI in pregnancy include diabetes and certain urologic conditions. Other maternal characteristics might also be associated with risk and could provide clues to the etiology of UTI in pregnancy. Our objective was to identify maternal characteristics associated with UTI in pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used data from pregnant women participating in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a population-based study of risk factors for major structural birth defects in 10 U.S. sites, from 1997 to 2011. In cross-sectional analyses, we used multivariable log-binomial regression to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between self-reported maternal characteristics and UTI in pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In our sample of 41,869 women, the overall prevalence of reported UTI in pregnancy was 18%, but ranged from 11% to 26% between study sites. In adjusted models, diabetes was moderately associated with higher UTI prevalence (PR 1.39, 95% CI: 1.24\u20131.57). Higher UTI prevalence was associated even more strongly with low educational attainment (PR 2.06, 95% CI: 1.77\u20132.40 for some high school vs. graduate school), low household income (PR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.46\u20131.84 for &lt;$10,000 vs. \u2265$50,000), and race\/ethnicity (PR 1.45, 95% CI: 1.13\u20131.80 for American Indian or Alaska Native vs. White women).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>About one in six women reported UTI in pregnancy but the prevalence varied markedly by geography and maternal characteristics. This variability could provide clues to the causes of UTI in pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T11:27:38Z","timestamp":1631014058000},"page":"1556-1564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Characteristics of Women with Urinary Tract Infection in Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2544-3110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Candice Y.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA."},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carissa M.","family":"Rocheleau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith M.","family":"Howley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Congenital Malformations Registry, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia K.","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Ailes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2008.02009.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1D630"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000185257.52328.a2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-1128-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000149154.96285.a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.704441"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","first-page":"219","article-title":"Acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy: An 18-year retrospective analysis","volume":"10","author":"Wing DA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wing DA, , Fassett MJ, , Getahun D. Acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy: An 18-year retrospective analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2014; 10:219.e211\u2013219.e216.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026297"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.09.101"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1409"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz021"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-1-200807010-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.171325"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","first-page":"CD000491","article-title":"Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Widmer M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Widmer M, , Lopez I, , G\u00fclmezoglu AM, , Mignini L, , Roganti A. Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2015; 11:CD000491.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","unstructured":"American Academy of Family Physicians. Summary of recommendations for clinical preventive services. 2017. Available at: https:\/\/www.aafp.org\/dam\/AAFP\/documents\/patient_care\/clinical_recommendations\/cps-recommendations.pdf Accessed August27 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23570"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6701a4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2013.39202"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196110052651402"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196204262661703"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003225"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(98)90001-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.188"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","first-page":"e150","article-title":"Committee opinion no. 717: Sufonamides, nitrofurantoin, and risk of birth defects","volume":"130","author":"Committee on Obstetric Practice","year":"2017","unstructured":"Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee opinion no. 717: Sufonamides, nitrofurantoin, and risk of birth defects. Obstet Gynecol, 2017; 130:e150\u2013e152.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23384"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.10012"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199905000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7200264"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2017.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2017.04.097"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-014-1487-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31816c441a"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2012.01318.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.593"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2004.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200203000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2665-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013198"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-292"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3844-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_42_2","first-page":"213","article-title":"Risk factors of urinary tract infection in pregnancy","volume":"60","author":"Haider G","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haider G, , Zehra N, , Munir AA, , Haider A. Risk factors of urinary tract infection in pregnancy. J Pak Med Assoc, 2010; 60:213\u2013216.","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-009-0892-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.4204"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26719\/2009.15.1.104"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.148416"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-7796.157971"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01522.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12029"}],"container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/jwh.2020.8946","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/jwh.2020.8946","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/jwh.2020.8946","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:54:46Z","timestamp":1777658086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/jwh.2020.8946"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/jwh.2020.8946"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jwh.2020.8946","relation":{},"ISSN":["1540-9996","1931-843X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1540-9996","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-843X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}}}