{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T03:18:00Z","timestamp":1780629480049,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been detected in feminine hygiene products (FHPs), especially in tampons and sanitary pads. However, little is known about whether menstrual products can contribute to VOC exposure in women. Our objectives were to: (1) examine the variations of urinary VOC concentrations during menstrual cycles; (2) evaluate the relationships between the use of menstrual products and urinary VOC concentrations; and (3) link urinary VOC concentrations to those measured in menstrual products.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We measured urinary concentrations of 98 target VOCs in 25 reproductive-aged women with 100 repeated measures collected between October 2018 and February 2019. First-morning-void urine samples were collected four times for each woman during one menstrual cycle. Urinary VOC concentrations were measured using gas chromatography\u2013mass spectroscopy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 98 target VOCs measured in the urine samples, 36 VOCs were detected. We did not see statistically significant variations in VOC concentrations across the menstrual cycle. After multivariable adjustment, tampon users had significantly higher concentrations of 2-butanone (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.58 log ng\/g, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.16\u20133.00,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03) and methyl isobutyl ketone (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.63 log ng\/g, 95% CI: 0.03\u20131.22,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04), compared with pad users. Higher n-nonane, benzene, and toluene estimated from menstrual products were associated with higher urinary concentrations in women.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of FHPs during menses might be a potential source of VOCs. A larger cohort study is warranted to confirm our results and evaluate clinical implications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2021.0153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T11:28:36Z","timestamp":1631014116000},"page":"210-218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Feminine Hygiene Products and Volatile Organic Compounds in Reproductive-Aged Women Across the Menstrual Cycle: A Longitudinal Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5244-2909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ning","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Batterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Kyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA."},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2007.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10253"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108991"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","unstructured":"National Research Council (US) Committee on Contaminated Drinking Water at Camp Lejeune. Contaminated Water Supplies at Camp Lejeune: Assessing Potential Health Effects. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2009. 3 Systemic Exposures to Volatile Organic Compounds and Factors Influencing Susceptibility to Their Effects. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK215288 Accessed January17 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Substance Priority List. https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/spl\/index.html#2019spl Accessed January17 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","volume-title":"Potential health effects of toxic chemicals in feminine care products","author":"Scranton A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scranton A. Potential health effects of toxic chemicals in feminine care products. Missoula, MT: Women's Voices for the Earth, 2013."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2019.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2019.1642607"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105740"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2019.7785"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","unstructured":"Feminine Hygiene\u2014United States | Statista Market Forecast. Available at: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/outlook\/cmo\/tissue-hygiene-paper\/feminine-hygiene\/worldwide Accessed January11 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10041406"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2011.12.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","unstructured":"The Proposition 65 List | OEHHA. 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