{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T19:31:06Z","timestamp":1792524666317,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine how changes in induction of labor (IOL) and cesarean deliveries between 1990 and 2017 affected gestational age distributions of births in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Singleton first births were drawn from the National Vital Statistics System Birth Data for years 1990\u20132017. Separate analytic samples were created (1) by maternal race\/ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Asian, and non-Hispanic white), (2) by maternal age (15\u201319, 20\u201324, 25\u201329, 30\u201334, 35\u201339, 40\u201349), (3) by U.S. states, and (4) for women at low risk for obstetric interventions (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">e.g.,<\/jats:italic>\n                      age 20\u201334, no hypertension, no diabetes, no tobacco use). Gestational age was measured in weeks, and obstetric intervention status was measured as: (1) no IOL, vaginal delivery; (2) no IOL, cesarean delivery; and (3) IOL, all deliveries. The joint probabilities of birth at each gestational week by obstetric intervention status for years 1990\u20131991, 1998\u20131999, 2007\u20132008, and 2016\u20132017 were estimated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 1990 and 2017, the percent of singleton first births occurring between 37 and 39 weeks of gestation increased from 38.5% to 49.5%. The changes were driven by increases in IOL and a shift in the use of cesarean deliveries toward earlier gestations. The changes were observed among all racial\/ethnic groups and all maternal ages, and across all U.S. states. The same changes were also observed among U.S. women at low risk for interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Changes in gestational age distributions of U.S. births and their underlying causes are likely national-level phenomena and do not appear to be responding to increases in maternal risk for interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2022.0167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T10:54:52Z","timestamp":1678445692000},"page":"641-651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Increases in Obstetric Interventions and Changes in Gestational Age Distributions of U.S. Births"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6285-4445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan K.","family":"Masters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA."},{"name":"University of Colorado Population Center, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea M.","family":"Tilstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Population Center, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA."},{"name":"Department of Sociology, Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom."},{"name":"Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Coleman-Minahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Population Center, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA."},{"name":"College of Nursing, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-019-00843-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics. 2019. Natality Birth Files: 1990\u20132017 as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program [Last accessed: July15 2019]."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38279.705336.0B"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2008.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2007.00196.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5041\/RMMJ.10065"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.180570"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","unstructured":"American College of Nurse Midwives. American college of nursing midwives position statement: Elective primary cesarean birth; 2016. 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Available from: http:\/\/midwife.org\/ACNM\/files\/ACNMLibraryData\/UPLOADFILENAME\/000000000235\/Induction-of-Labor-2016.pdf [Last accessed: July15 2019]."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800566"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20140"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.01.223"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2016.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.03.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-200208000-00011"},{"issue":"232","key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mean age of mothers is on the rise: United States, 2000\u20132014","volume":"1","author":"Mathews TJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mathews TJ, , Hamilton BE. Mean age of mothers is on the rise: United States, 2000\u20132014. 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