{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T17:47:05Z","timestamp":1777916825261,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>National guidelines recommend Papanicolaou (Pap) testing and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for cervical cancer prevention; however, certain subgroups may be at risk for underutilization. Prior studies have identified motherhood as a predictor of health outcomes, but this research has not been extended to cervical cancer prevention. Informed by the Health Belief Model, we explored the relationship between motherhood, health beliefs, and Pap testing and HPV vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study used an observational, cross-sectional design. Participants assigned female at birth (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009417) completed an online survey assessing motherhood, health beliefs (perceived risk, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy), and prior Pap testing and HPV vaccination. Bootstrapped mediation analyses determined whether motherhood was associated with prior Pap testing and HPV vaccination and whether health beliefs mediated these relationships.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of mothers (25%), 75% were up-to-date with Pap testing and 36% had previously received \u22651 dose of the HPV vaccine. There was no direct effect of motherhood on Pap testing (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.873) or HPV vaccination (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.921) and no significant indirect effects\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">via<\/jats:italic>\n                      health beliefs (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      s\u2009\u2265\u20090.096). However, perceived benefits and self-efficacy were significantly related to both Pap testing (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      s\u2009\u2264\u20090.003) and HPV vaccination (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      s\u2009\u2264\u20090.010). Mothers reported lower self-efficacy for HPV vaccination than nonmothers (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.035).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consistent with nationwide statistics, most eligible participants were up-to-date with Pap testing and HPV vaccination. Although motherhood was not significantly associated with either behavior, mothers reported lower self-efficacy for HPV vaccination. Perceived benefits and self-efficacy may be important targets for future interventions aiming to increase cervical cancer prevention and screening behaviors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2022.0388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T14:12:36Z","timestamp":1677247956000},"page":"494-502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing the Relationship Between Motherhood and Cervical Cancer Screening and Prevention Behaviors"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Ginocchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erika M.","family":"Rogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7695-2428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire C.","family":"Conley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21654"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21708"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.10897"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1917338"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human papillomavirus vaccination: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","volume":"63","author":"Markowitz LE","year":"2014","unstructured":"Markowitz LE, , Dunne EF, , Saraiya M, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2014; 63(5):1\u201330.","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6832a3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6549a5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001263"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-0846"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","unstructured":"Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Increase the proportion of females who get screened for cervical cancer\u2014C\u201109: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/health.gov\/healthypeople\/objectives-and-data\/browse-objectives\/cancer\/increase-proportion-females-who-get-screened-cervical-cancer-c-09 [Last accessed: December 20 2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","unstructured":"Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Increase the Proportion of Adolescents Who Get Recommended Doses of the HPV Vaccine\u2014IID\u201108. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Washington DC; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/health.gov\/healthypeople\/objectives-and-data\/browse-objectives\/vaccination\/increase-proportion-adolescents-who-get-recommended-doses-hpv-vaccine-iid-08 [Last accessed: December 20 2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","unstructured":"Boersma P Black LI. Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Among Adults Aged 18\u201326 2013\u20132018. National Center for Health Statistics: Hyattsville MD; 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","unstructured":"Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health (OASH). HHS Announces New HPV Vaccination Campaign for Young Adults and Health Care Providers 2021 [Updated January 6 2021]. Available from: https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/about\/news\/2021\/01\/06\/hhs-announces-new-hpv-vaccination-campaign-young-adults-health-care-providers.html [Last accessed: December 20 2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106399"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03630240802092308"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-993"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-015-0098-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogn.2015.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0017896917745106"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","unstructured":"Strecher VJ Rosenstock IM. The Health Belief Model. In: Cambridge Handbook of Psychology Health and Medicine. 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