{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T13:51:10Z","timestamp":1778939470608,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the effects of gender discrimination in Japan's medical school admission process and to assess whether the situation has improved since the disclosure of such discrimination in 2018.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology. The proportions of male and female applicants vis-\u00e0-vis all successful candidates admitted from 2016 to 2021 were analyzed; four medical schools were found to be systematically guilty of discriminatory admission practices. Acceptance rate ratios (ARRs) were estimated, and difference-in-differences (DID) analysis was used to examine the differences in ARRs between the two groups\u2014the 4 and 75 medical schools that were and were not reported, respectively\u2014in the predisclosure (2016\u20132018) and postdisclosure (2019\u20132021) periods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female applicants were subjected to discriminatory admission practices at the four reported medical schools in the predisclosure period. However, postdisclosure, those four medical schools had higher female than male acceptance rates in all 3 years. DID analysis revealed a statistically significant estimated average treatment effect on the treated of 0.25148 (95% confidence interval [0.00455\u20130.49840]), indicating a 0.25-point increase in ARRs relative to the other 75 medical schools.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Discriminatory practices against female applicants have decreased since the disclosure in 2018, with the acceptance rate of female students exceeding that of male students for the first time in 2021. In response to these findings, we propose recommendations to further promote gender equality in medicine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2023.0291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T12:01:27Z","timestamp":1699531287000},"page":"339-344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Gender Inequality Improvement in Medical School Admissions in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9322-8455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Watari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"General Medicine Center, Shimane University Hospital, Shimane, Japan."},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kotoko","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kota","family":"Sakaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Medicine Center, Shimane University Hospital, Shimane, Japan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuura","family":"Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshiko","family":"Tanimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuhisa","family":"Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaori","family":"Kono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Clinical Training Center, Shonan Atsugi Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuharu","family":"Tokuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muribushi Project for Okinawa Residency Programs, Okinawa, Japan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0141076814528893"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4411-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2023.0136"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/whr.2021.0095"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.47548"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2000.91156.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2021.0399"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.7875"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/whr.2021.0083"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","unstructured":"Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and Technology. Final Report Regarding Emergency Investigation into Fairness in Admissions and Entrance Examination of Medical Departments; 2018 (in Japanese). Available from: https:\/\/www.mext.go.jp\/component\/a_menu\/education\/detail\/__icsFiles\/afieldfile\/2018c\/12\/14\/1409128_005_1.pdf [Last accessed: July6 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40979-018-0039-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","unstructured":"The Japan Times. Women Overtake Men for First Time in Exam Pass Rate at Japan's Medical Schools; 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.japantimes.co.jp\/news\/2022\/02\/16\/national\/gender-balance-medical-exams [Last accessed: July6 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","unstructured":"Murakoshi K Sano A. Tokyo Medical School Takes Heat for Gender Discrimination. Nikkei Asian Review; 2018. 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