{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T17:48:52Z","timestamp":1777916932910,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) continue to increase in the United States and pregnant patients who acquire STIs are at risk for serious complications. This study estimated the utilization of preventative STI testing among pregnant outpatients on a national scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">:<\/jats:italic>\n                      This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study of outpatient visits in the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from 2014 to 2016 and 2018 to 2019. All patients reported as pregnant were included to assess STI testing for chlamydia, gonorrhea, hepatitis, and HIV. STI testing was described per 1,000 total visits overall and by subpopulations. Data weights were applied to generate national estimates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over 177 million visits were included, of which 87.5 per 1,000 included an STI test. Chlamydia testing was the most common, followed by HIV, gonorrhea, and hepatitis (58.0 vs. 42.3 vs. 41.5 vs. 20.3 per 1,000). STI testing rates varied across subpopulations (72.1\u2013236.6 per 1,000 visits). Patients of Hispanic ethnicity, Black race, age \u226425 years old, and those seen by an obstetrics and gynecology (OB\/GYN) provider had the highest rates of STI testing. Independent predictors of STI testing included: Black race (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.24, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.23\u20132.24), first trimester (aOR: 5.15, 95% CI: 5.14\u20135.16), government and private insurance (aOR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.89\u20131.91 and aOR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.69\u20131.71), and an OB\/GYN provider specialty (aOR: 2.93, 95% CI: 2.93\u20132.94).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>STI testing in United States outpatient physician offices varied by subpopulations and across individual test types. Certain patient attributes, such as race, provider specialty, and payment source, were predictive of testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2023.0865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T07:08:32Z","timestamp":1715152112000},"page":"1198-1204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["National Outpatient Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing in Pregnant Patients in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Kelsey A.","family":"Strey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA."},{"name":"Pharmacotherapy Education and Research Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah C.","family":"Angeles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vidal M.","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA."},{"name":"Pharmacotherapy Education and Research Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly R.","family":"Reveles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA."},{"name":"Pharmacotherapy Education and Research Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.106556"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181f2e85f"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","volume-title":"Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2e","author":"Cha R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cha R. Sexually Transmitted and Infectious Diseases. In: Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2e. (O\u2019Connell MB, , Smith JA. eds.) McGraw-Hill Education: New York, NY; 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7004a1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-017-2422-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31818d3cad"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance. Atlanta GE; 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/statistics\/2021\/default.htm [Last accessed: September28 2023]."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trends and characteristics of sexually transmitted infections during pregnancy: United States, 2016-2018","volume":"69","author":"Gregory ECW","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gregory ECW, , Ely DM. Trends and characteristics of sexually transmitted infections during pregnancy: United States, 2016-2018. Natl Vital Stat Rep, 2020; 69(3):1\u201311.","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ambulatory Health Care Data Survey Methods and Analytic Guidelines. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/ahcd\/survey_methods.htm [Last accessed: February13 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Division of Health Care Statistics. 2014 NAMCS Micro-Data File Documentation. 2014. 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Mmwr, 1993; 42(No. RR-14):8.","journal-title":"Mmwr"},{"issue":"03","key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"2015 sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines","volume":"64","author":"Workowski KA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Workowski KA, , Bolan GA, , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015 sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. MMWR, 2015; 64(RR-03):1\u2013137.","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH19002"},{"issue":"38","key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","first-page":"834","article-title":"Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection among persons aged 14\u201339 years\u2013United States, 2007\u20132012","volume":"63","author":"Torrone E","year":"2014","unstructured":"Torrone E, , Papp J, , Weinstock H, et al. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection among persons aged 14\u201339 years\u2013United States, 2007\u20132012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2014; 63(38):834\u2013838.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fmch-2021-000914"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318286bb53"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000858"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","unstructured":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Chlamydial Infection (Including Ocular Prophylaxis in Newborns): Screening. 1996. Available from: https:\/\/www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org\/uspstf\/recommendation\/chlamydial-infection-including-ocular-prophylaxis-screening-1996 [Last accessed: September28 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/342100"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","unstructured":"Brigance C Lucas R Jones E et al. 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