{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:18:45Z","timestamp":1791919125633,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,24]],"date-time":"2015-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["LGBT Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Men who have sex with men (MSM) have a disproportionately greater risk than other populations of acquiring\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (CT) and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (GC), the two most commonly reported notifiable diseases in the United States according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The presence of either of these diseases is a significant risk factor for the acquisition and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Recent studies have shown that significant rates of asymptomatic GC and CT infection are found at the extragenital oropharygeal and rectal sites in MSM, with or without concurrent urogenital infection. However, extragenital sites are not being routinely screened and, thus, many asymptomatic GC and CT infections at the oropharyngeal and rectal sites may go undiagnosed.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This review will begin with the current evidence-based screening recommendations for extragenital GC and CT in MSM. This will be followed by recently reported extragenital GC and CT infection rates in asymptomatic MSM, and a discussion of the risks and potential implications of undiagnosed extragenital GC and CT infections. Finally, a discussion on the frequency of, and potential barriers to, screening will be presented with a summary of potential interventions for increasing screening frequency found in the literature. The scope of this review will focus primarily on U.S. recommendations, infection rates, and screening frequencies, with the inclusion of relevant international recommendations and studies for comparative and illustrative purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2014.0056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,9]],"date-time":"2015-12-09T11:19:43Z","timestamp":1449659983000},"page":"27-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Screening for Asymptomatic Extragenital Gonorrhea and Chlamydia in Men Who Have Sex with Men: Significance, Recommendations, and Options for Overcoming Barriers to Testing"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Anthony R.","family":"Lutz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2012. Atlanta GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2013."},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2010","volume":"59","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2010","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2010. MMWR, 2010; 59(RR12):1\u201356.","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"issue":"02","key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recommendation for the Laboratory-Based Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 2014","volume":"63","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2014","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Recommendation for the Laboratory-Based Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 2014. MMWR, 2014; 63(RR02):1\u201319.","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000067"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2008.0277"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/430704"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181c3ef29"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu184"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200005010-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit437"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/508460"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2007.0240"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318230f3d6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-203"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31828098f8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH07092"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462413497700"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"British Association of Sexual Health and HIV Clinical Effectiveness Group: United Kingdom National Guideline for Gonorrhoea Testing 2012. Macclesfield United Kingdom: British Association of Sexual Health and HIV 2012."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","unstructured":"British Association of Sexual Health and HIV Clinical Effectiveness Group: Chlamydia trachomatis UK Testing Guidelines 2010. Macclesfield United Kingdom: British Association of Sexual Health and HIV 2010."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada: Canadian Guidelines on Sexually Transmitted Infections Section 6 \u2013 Specific Populations: Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM)\/Women Who Have Sex with Women (WSW). Ottawa Ontario Canada: Public Health Agency of Canada 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181e50058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051248"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31822a2b2e"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/648427"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/648428"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/DCR.0b013e31819ad537"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1903.121028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.031773"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000093"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH10134"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31822e6136"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.13.1458"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2009.009056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH07068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02269-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181a44b8c"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","first-page":"70","article-title":"How reliable is self-testing for gonorrhea and chlamydia among men who have sex with men?","volume":"62","author":"Sexton ME","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sexton ME, , Baker JJ, , Nakagawa K, et al.: How reliable is self-testing for gonorrhea and chlamydia among men who have sex with men?. J Fam Pract, 2013; 62:70\u201378.","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-189"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.10.164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318248e3ff"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH05006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2010.048397"}],"container-title":["LGBT Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/lgbt.2014.0056","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/lgbt.2014.0056","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/lgbt.2014.0056","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:01:32Z","timestamp":1777665692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/lgbt.2014.0056"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,24]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/lgbt.2014.0056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/lgbt.2014.0056","relation":{},"ISSN":["2325-8292","2325-8306"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2325-8292","type":"print"},{"value":"2325-8306","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,24]]}}}