{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:11:27Z","timestamp":1777921887505,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["LGBT Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of our study was to examine the effects of mental distress (depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]), incarceration, and hate crime on stimulant use (methamphetamine, crack, and cocaine) among transgender women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a secondary analysis of longitudinal data collected from 2016 to 2018 with 429 transgender women in the San Francisco Bay Area. Generalized estimating equation log-binomial regressions were used to calculate relative risks of stimulant use associated with mental distress, incarceration, and hate crime.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At baseline, transgender women experienced transphobic hate crime (46.4%), incarceration (53.0%), mental distress (69.2%), and stimulant use (28.4%). Transgender women who used stimulants reported lower education (45.1%, \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200914.3,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) and significantly more had been incarcerated (62.3%, \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20095.9,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.015), and reported diagnoses of depression (67.8%, \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20096.1,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.014), anxiety (62.8%, \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20094.3,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.039), and PTSD (43.8%, \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20096.7,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.010). Longitudinal multivariate analysis found that depression (adjusted relative risk [aRR]\u2009=\u20091.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09\u20131.95), anxiety (aRR\u2009=\u20091.42, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.05\u20131.93), and PTSD (aRR\u2009=\u20091.38, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.02\u20131.87) were associated with methamphetamine use but not with crack or cocaine use. Incarceration was associated with methamphetamine use and crack use, whereas experiencing hate crime was associated with crack use.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mental distress, incarceration, and hate crime were key exposures of stimulant use among transgender women. Intervention targets for reducing stimulant use should consider working upstream by addressing underlying stressors impacting mental health for transgender women, including laws to protect transgender women from hate crime and to reduce their disproportionate representation in the criminal justice system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2021.0192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T10:51:12Z","timestamp":1666867872000},"page":"228-236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Mental Distress and Use of Stimulants: Analysis of a Longitudinal Cohort of Transgender Women"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3482-2083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glenda N.","family":"Baguso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Prevention Science, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edda","family":"Santiago-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Prevention Science, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3394-6532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akua O.","family":"Gyamerah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Prevention Science, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin C.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Francisco Department of Public Health, Center for Public Health Research, San Francisco, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transgender Law Center, Oakland, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Willi","family":"McFarland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Francisco Department of Public Health, Center for Public Health Research, San Francisco, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Wesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","volume-title":"The Report of the 2015 US Transgender Survey","author":"James SE","unstructured":"James SE, , Herman JL, , Rankin S, et al. 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Table 1. Lifetime prevalence of DSM-IV\/WMH-CIDI disorders by sex and cohort1 (n\u2009=\u20099282). National Comorbidity Survey; 2007. Available from: https:\/\/www.hcp.med.harvard.edu\/ncs\/ftpdir\/table_ncsr_LTprevgenderxage.pdf [Last accessed: July 22 2020]"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/cou0000143"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517715026"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260514548584"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdy031"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2014.932891"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07393148.2015.1089030"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002315"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029597"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11013-016-9496-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","first-page":"729","article-title":"Sharks and minnows in the war on drugs: A study of quantity, race and drug type in drug arrests","volume":"53","author":"Kennedy JE","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kennedy JE, , Unah I, , Wahlers K. 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