{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T20:10:44Z","timestamp":1784837444939,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693353600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["LGBT Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patient empowerment is becoming increasingly important as health care moves toward more collaborative models of care. The goal of this study was to evaluate and characterize patient empowerment in a sample of transgender\/gender-diverse\/nonbinary (TGDNB) youth aged 14\u201324 who have had at least one conversation with a medical health care provider about gender-affirming care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We adapted a health care empowerment scale for use with TGDNB young people and collected patient empowerment and sociodemographic data among TGDNB youth in the United States over an 8-week period in the spring of 2022. Overall and domain-specific empowerment (including knowledge and understanding, control, identity, decision-making, and supporting others) were assessed on a four-point scale from a low of 1 to a high of 4.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 177 youth completed the survey. Mean age was 18.4\u2009\u00b1\u20093.0 years, the sample was 39.5% gender-diverse\/nonbinary, 16.4% transfemme, 44.1% transmasc, and 81.9% White. Average empowerment was 0.22 points higher in youth with supportive caregivers than those without (99% confidence interval [CI] 0.05\u20130.38,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and 0.20 points higher in youth who sought gender-affirming mental health support (99% CI 0.04\u20130.36,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). Caregiver support increased youths' sense of control over their health\/health care (estimated increase 0.29, 99% CI 0.09\u20130.50,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and mental health support increased youths' decision-making agency by 0.30 points (99% CI 0.06\u20130.53,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the first study to assess patient empowerment in TGDNB youth. Several sociodemographic factors were significantly associated with overall and domain-level empowerment. Further work in this area, both longitudinal and in larger samples, is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2022.0276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T11:53:01Z","timestamp":1682941981000},"page":"429-438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Patient Empowerment Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6356-5282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaya Mangel","family":"Pflugeisen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research &amp; Innovation, MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Boomgaarden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gender Health Clinic, Mary Bridge Children's Hospital and Health Center, Tacoma, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aytch A.","family":"Denaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gender Health Clinic, Mary Bridge Children's Hospital and Health Center, Tacoma, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Konicek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gender Health Clinic, Mary Bridge Children's Hospital and Health Center, Tacoma, Washington, USA."},{"name":"School of Social Work &amp; Criminal Justice, University of Washington, Tacoma, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gender Health Clinic, Mary Bridge Children's Hospital and Health Center, Tacoma, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","article-title":"Lessons from grassroots efforts to increase gender-affirming medical care for transgender and gender diverse youth in the community health care setting","author":"Denaro A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Denaro A, , Pflugeisen CM, , Colglazier T, et al. 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