{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T22:56:35Z","timestamp":1779231395137,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,16]],"date-time":"2014-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1400198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lymphatic Research and Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Detection of early lymphedema is important for effective treatment outcome and reduction of disease burden. The aims of this study were to determine normal inter-limb variance in the hand and four segments of the arm using bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) to provide diagnostic thresholds for detection of early lymphedema development, to determine the intra-rater reliability of these measurements, and to compare the inter-limb BIS ratios to differences based on arm circumference measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred women, aged 49.1 (SD 13.8) years without history of breast cancer or lymphedema participated. Impedance measures for the hand and four 10\u2009cm length arm segments were used to determine the inter-limb segment BIS ratios. Circumference difference and segment volumes were calculated from circumference measures obtained with a tape measure. A subgroup of women was measured on two occasions, one week apart. Thresholds were determined for the dominant and nondominant limb, based on two and three standard deviations (SD) above the mean. The 2SD and 3SD thresholds for the dominant arm ranged from 1.121 to 1.150 and 1.172 to 1.209, respectively, and for the nondominant limb ranged from 1.057 to 1.107 and 1.103 to 1.169, respectively. Intra-rater reliability was high (ICC: 0.945\u20130.983). BIS ratio and circumference-based measures did not identify the same segments as being over threshold.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BIS diagnostic thresholds for the hand and four segments of the arm, based on normative data, taking into consideration arm dominance have been developed. Segmental BIS has been shown to be highly reliable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2013.0050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,16]],"date-time":"2014-05-16T16:52:55Z","timestamp":1400259175000},"page":"253-259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Segmental Impedance Thresholds for Early Detection of Unilateral Upper Limb Swelling"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"B.J.","family":"Svensson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sydney","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Lourdes Hospital and Community Health Service","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.S.","family":"Dylke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sydney","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.C.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sydney","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"The University of Queensland","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.L.","family":"Kilbreath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sydney","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-009-0778-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"12","article-title":"Diagnosing breast cancer-related lymphedema in the arm","volume":"1","author":"Stanton A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stanton A, , Modi S, , Mellor R, , Levick R, , Mortimer P. Diagnosing breast cancer-related lymphedema in the arm. J Lymphedema, 2006; 1:12\u201315.","journal-title":"J Lymphedema"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23494"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2005.3.208"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70076-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"18","article-title":"Lymphedema secondary to breast cancer: How choice of measure influences diagnosis, prevalence, and identifiable risk factors","volume":"41","author":"Hayes S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hayes S, , Janda M, , Cornish B, , Battistutta D, , Newman B. Lymphedema secondary to breast cancer: How choice of measure influences diagnosis, prevalence, and identifiable risk factors. Lymphology, 2008; 41:18\u201328.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"502","volume-title":"Lymphedema: Diagnosis and Therapy","author":"Ward LC","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ward LC, , Kilbreath S, , Cornish BH. Bioelectrical impedance analysis for early detection of lymphedema. In: Weissieder H, , Schuchhardt C, eds. Lymphedema: Diagnosis and Therapy. 4th ed. Essen: Viavital Verlag. 2008:502\u2013517.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-011-1547-6","article-title":"Does the effect of weight lifting on lymphedema following breast cancer differ by diagnostic method: Results from a randomized controlled trial","author":"Hayes SC","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hayes SC, , Speck RM, , Reimet E, , Stark A, , Schmitz KH. Does the effect of weight lifting on lymphedema following breast cancer differ by diagnostic method: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2011:227\u2013234.","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"118","article-title":"Post-breast cancer lymphedema: Incidence increases from 12 to 30 to 60 months","volume":"43","author":"Armer JM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Armer JM, , Stewart BR. Post-breast cancer lymphedema: Incidence increases from 12 to 30 to 60 months. Lymphology, 2010; 43:118\u2013127.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/83.2.134","article-title":"Concurrent validity of upper-extremity volume estimates: Comparison of calculated volume derived from girth measurements and water displacement volume","volume":"83","author":"Karges JR","year":"2003","unstructured":"Karges JR, , Mark BE, , Stikeleather SJ, , Worrell TW. Concurrent validity of upper-extremity volume estimates: Comparison of calculated volume derived from girth measurements and water displacement volume. Phys Ther, 2003; 83:13\u2013145.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"Early diagnosis of lymphedema using multiple frequency bioimpedance","volume":"34","author":"Cornish BH","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cornish BH, , Chapman M, , Hirst C, et al. Early diagnosis of lymphedema using multiple frequency bioimpedance. Lymphology, 2001; 34:2\u201311.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2010.0014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06518.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","first-page":"703","article-title":"Segmental measurement of breast cancer-related arm lymphedema using perometry and bioimpedance spectroscopy","volume":"19","author":"Czerniec SA","unstructured":"Czerniec SA, , Ward LC, , Lee MJ, , Refshauge KM, , Beith J, , Kilbreath SL. Segmental measurement of breast cancer-related arm lymphedema using perometry and bioimpedance spectroscopy. Support Care Cancer, 2111; 19:703\u2013710.","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/20\/3\/302"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1042\/cs1010131","article-title":"Differences in lymph drainage between swollen and non-swollen regions in arms with breast-cancer-related lymphedema","volume":"101","author":"Stanton AW","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stanton AW, , Svensson WE, , Mellor RH, , Peters AM, , Levick JR, , Mortimer PS. Differences in lymph drainage between swollen and non-swollen regions in arms with breast-cancer-related lymphedema. Clin Sci, 2001; 101:131\u2013140.","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2008.1026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/phleb.2012.012073"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2012.0011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.2007.00708.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07357900902918494"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-008-0259-z"}],"container-title":["Lymphatic Research and Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/lrb.2013.0050","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/lrb.2013.0050","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/lrb.2013.0050","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:09:31Z","timestamp":1777666171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/lrb.2013.0050"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,16]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/lrb.2013.0050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/lrb.2013.0050","relation":{},"ISSN":["1539-6851","1557-8585"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1539-6851","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-8585","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,16]]}}}