{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:06:22Z","timestamp":1792659982483,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,6]],"date-time":"2015-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lymphatic Research and Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In lymphedema, tissue fluid steadily accumulates in the subcutaneous space containing loose connective tissue. We documented previously that deformation of the structure of subcutaneous collagen bundles and fat by excess fluid leads to formation of \u201clakes\u201d and interconnected channels with irregular shape. Since there is no force that could mobilize and propel stagnant fluid to the regions where lymphatics absorb and contract, this task should be taken over by external massage. The most effective in this respect seems to be the sequential intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of the study was to observe whether IPC would enhance and accelerate formation of tissue fluid channels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Together with the Biocompression Systems (Moonachie, NJ), we designed a high pressure intermittent compression device and used in it our therapy protocol for patients with obstructive lymphedema of lower limbs. The study was carried out on 18 patients with lymphedema stages II\u2013IV. The IPC was applied daily for 1\u20132 hours. The follow up time was 24\u201336 months. Lymphoscintigraphy and immunohistopathology of tissue biopsies were used for evaluation of channel formation process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The forced fluid flow brought about increase of the area of fluid channels in the thigh and groin, with a decrease in the calf. Concomitantly, with decrease of channel area in the calf, there was a decrease of calf circumference. No new lymphatic collectors were observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compression of limb lymphedema tissues leads to formation of tissue channels as pathways for evacuation of edema fluid.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2014.0010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,6]],"date-time":"2015-03-06T17:29:28Z","timestamp":1425662968000},"page":"146-153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Enhances Formation of Edema Tissue Fluid Channels in Lymphedema of Lower Limbs"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Marzanna","family":"Zaleska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Clinical Hospital","place":["Poland"]},{"name":"Medical Research Center","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waldemar L.","family":"Olszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Clinical Hospital","place":["Poland"]},{"name":"Medical Research Center","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Cakala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Clinical Hospital","place":["Poland"]},{"name":"Medical Research Center","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaroslaw","family":"Cwikla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Clinical Hospital","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Budlewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Clinical Hospital","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2008.1023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"54","article-title":"Pathways of lymph and tissue fluid flow during intermittent pneumatic massage of lower limbs with obstructive lymphedema","volume":"44","author":"Olszewski WL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Olszewski WL, , Cwikla J, , Zaleska M, , Domaszewska-Szostek A, , Gradalski T, , Szopinska S. Pathways of lymph and tissue fluid flow during intermittent pneumatic massage of lower limbs with obstructive lymphedema. Lymphology, 2011; 44:54\u201364.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03091900601015147"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2013.0016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"351","volume-title":"Lymph Stasis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment","author":"Olszewski WL","year":"1991","unstructured":"Olszewski WL. Clinical picture of lymphedema. In: Olszewski W. L. (Ed.), Lymph Stasis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1991. p. 351."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","volume-title":"Atlas of Lymphology","author":"Olszewski WL","year":"2001","unstructured":"Olszewski WL. Atlas of Lymphology. Servier, Paris, 2001."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"397","article-title":"[Staining of the lymphatic vessels with the D. D. 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Lymphology, 1979; 12:81\u201384.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1413.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"178","article-title":"Factorial analysis in radionuclide lymphography: Assessment of the effects of sequential pneumatic compression","volume":"22","author":"Baulieu F","unstructured":"Baulieu F, , Baulieu JL, , Vaillant L, , Secchi V, , Barsotti J. Factorial analysis in radionuclide lymphography: Assessment of the effects of sequential pneumatic compression. Lymphology 198;22:178\u2013185.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"49","article-title":"Use of the C-scan in evaluation of peripheral lymphedema","volume":"30","author":"Ketterings C","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ketterings C, , Zeddemann S. Use of the C-scan in evaluation of peripheral lymphedema. Lymphology, 1997; 30:49\u201362.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"135","article-title":"Effect of sequential intermittent pneumatic compression on both leg lymphedema volume and on lymph transport as semi-quantitatively evaluated by lymphoscintigraphy","volume":"34","author":"Miranda F","year":"2001","unstructured":"Miranda FJr, , Perez MC, , Castiglioni ML, , Juliano Y, , Amorim JE, , Nakano LC, , de Barros NJr, , Lustre WG, , Burihan E. Effect of sequential intermittent pneumatic compression on both leg lymphedema volume and on lymph transport as semi-quantitatively evaluated by lymphoscintigraphy. Lymphology, 2001; 34:135\u2013141.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","volume-title":"XIX. International Congress of Lymphology 01-06. Sept. 2003","author":"Pecking AP","unstructured":"Pecking AP, , Cluzan RV. Results of a self sequential pressotherapy as a substitute for classical decongestive therapy in a group of patients with a refractory upper limb lymphedema. XIX. International Congress of Lymphology 01-06. Sept. 2003; Freiburg\/Germany."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","first-page":"41","article-title":"Lymphoscintigraphic evaluation of manual lymphatic drainage for lower extremity lymphedema","volume":"39","author":"Kafejian-Haddad AP","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kafejian-Haddad AP, , Perez JM, , Castiglioni ML, , Miranda J\u00fanior F, , de Figueiredo LF. Lymphoscintigraphic evaluation of manual lymphatic drainage for lower extremity lymphedema. 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