{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T18:07:41Z","timestamp":1792692461059,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lymphatic Research and Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lymphedema has always been a neglected global health care problem. A central requirement for the development of any chronic disease is the clear use of public health definitions that can be used internationally to define populations. The term \u201clymphedema\u201d has historically been defined as either primary, resulting from failure of lymphatic development, or secondary, following damage to the lymphatics (e.g., cancer treatment, injury, or filariasis). Attempts to integrate causes of edema arising from damage to the venous system or the effects of gravity, immobility, and systemic disease have rarely been integrated. More recently, the prominent role of the lymphatics in tissue fluid homeostasis in all forms of chronic edema has been recognized. These advances led to the development of the term: \u201cChronic edema: a broad term used to describe edema, which has been present for more than three months.\u201d It can be considered an umbrella term that includes not only conventional \u201clymphedema\u201d but also chronic swelling, which may have a more complex cause. This definition has been adapted in the international epidemiology study (LIMPRINT) that identified people throughout the health and social care systems in participating countries. Clearer definitions will allow for examination of this important public health problem that is likely to escalate given the projections of an aging population with multiple comorbidities. It will be possible to define both the hidden mortality and morbidity associated with complications, such as cellulitis and the impact on health-related quality of life. This evidence is urgently required to lobby for increased resource and effective health care in an increasingly competitive health care arena in which more established conditions have greater priority and funding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2018.0085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]],"date-time":"2019-04-17T15:30:01Z","timestamp":1555515001000},"page":"121-126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["The Concept of Chronic Edema\u2014A Neglected Public Health Issue and an International Response: The LIMPRINT Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Christine","family":"Moffatt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom."},{"name":"Montpellier Medecine Vasculaire, EA2992, Universite Montpellier I, CHU Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France."},{"name":"Copenhagen Wound Healing and Lymphoedema Centre, Bisperberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaughan","family":"Keeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lymphoedema Service, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Qu\u00e9r\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montpellier Medecine Vasculaire, EA2992, Universite Montpellier I, CHU Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"International Consensus: Best Practice for the Management of Lymphoedema","author":"International Lymphoedema Framework","year":"2006","unstructured":"International Lymphoedema Framework. International Consensus: Best Practice for the Management of Lymphoedema. London, United Kingdom: Medical Education Partnership (MEP) Ltd.; 2006."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","volume-title":"Textbook of Lymphology","author":"Foldi M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Foldi M, , Foldi E, Kubik S (eds). Textbook of Lymphology. Munchen, Bavaria: Urban and Fischer. WHO filariasis; 2003."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"30-Month post-breast cancer treatment lymphoedema","volume":"4","author":"Armer JM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Armer JM, , Stewart BR, , Shook RP. 30-Month post-breast cancer treatment lymphoedema. J Lymphoedema, 2009; 4:14\u201318.","journal-title":"J Lymphoedema"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","volume-title":"Abstract World Congress of Lymphology","author":"Keeley V","unstructured":"Keeley V, , Pinnington L, , Riches K, , Phillips M, , Fakis A, , Vaithianathar L, , Jones M, , Moffatt C. The prevalence of chronic lower limb oedema (CLLO) in multiple sclerosis (MS). Abstract World Congress of Lymphology, San Francisco, CA, September 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/phleb.2009.009003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e318201753e"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"206","article-title":"Primary lymphedema in children and adolescents: A follow-up study and review","volume":"76","author":"Smeltzer DM","year":"1985","unstructured":"Smeltzer DM, , Stickler GB, , Schirger A. Primary lymphedema in children and adolescents: A follow-up study and review. Pediatrics, 1985; 76:206\u2013218.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcg126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12694"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-8049(94)90539-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq062"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1413.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/bjcn.2016.21.Sup4.S6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12224"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"44","article-title":"Lymphedema in the morbidly obese patient: Unique challenges in a unique population","volume":"54","author":"Fife CE","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fife CE, , Carter MJ. Lymphedema in the morbidly obese patient: Unique challenges in a unique population. Ostomy Wound Manage, 2008; 54:44\u201356.","journal-title":"Ostomy Wound Manage"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04265.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"A systematic review of care delivery models and economic analyses in lymphedema: Health policy impact (2004\u20132011)","volume":"46","author":"Stout NL","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stout NL, , Weiss R, , Feldman JL, , Stewart BR, , Armer JM, , Cormier JN, , Shih Y-CT. A systematic review of care delivery models and economic analyses in lymphedema: Health policy impact (2004\u20132011). 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