{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:15:45Z","timestamp":1777922145433,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lymphatic Research and Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current belief is that the calcium channel blocker (CCB)-induced edema is due to a preferential arterial over venous dilatation leading to increased fluid filtration. We challenged this conviction by measuring the lymphatic removal of interstitial fluid during chronic systemic treatment with the CCB, amlodipine. Lymphatic vessels could potentially be an off-target effect of the drugs and play a role in CCB edema.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixteen healthy postmenopausal women completed a 12-week double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial. Lymphatic function was assessed by near-infrared fluorescence imaging. The lymphatic function during amlodipine treatment compared with placebo did not show any difference in pumping pressure (53.9\u2009\u00b1\u200913.9\u2009mmHg vs. 54.7\u2009\u00b1\u20099.4\u2009mmHg,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.829), contraction frequency (0.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2\/min vs. 0.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3\/min,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.932), refill time (440\u2009\u00b1\u2009438 seconds vs. 442\u2009\u00b1\u2009419 seconds,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.990), or propagation velocity of lymph packets (18\u2009\u00b1\u200910\u2009mm\/s vs. 15\u2009\u00b1\u20097\u2009mm\/s,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.124). However, the subjects who developed edema during CCB treatment had a 20% lower baseline lymphatic pumping pressure (48.9\u2009\u00b1\u20094.4\u2009mmHg,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097) than the subjects not affected by treatment (59.1\u2009\u00b1\u20091.2\u2009mmHg,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.025). Contraction frequency, refill time, and lymph packet velocity showed no differences in baseline values between the two groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest that CCB does not directly impair lymphatic function. However, our results show that a reduced lymphatic function predisposes to CCB edema, which may explain why some patients develop edema during treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2019.0028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]],"date-time":"2019-08-20T10:17:44Z","timestamp":1566296264000},"page":"156-165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Reduced Lymphatic Function Predisposes to Calcium Channel Blocker Edema: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sheyanth","family":"Mohanakumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"Telinius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vibeke","family":"Hjortdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht151"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02527-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2008.01977.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283472643"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)10327-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67185-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2007.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(02)03000-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200305000-00026"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcg126"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(97)89205-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(01)02178-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2004.02863.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2003.02402.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(01)02167-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq062"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","first-page":"H706","article-title":"Some consequences of capillary permeability to macromolecules: Starling's hypothesis reconsidered","volume":"250","author":"Renkin EM","year":"1986","unstructured":"Renkin EM. 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