{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T13:56:54Z","timestamp":1780667814341,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lymphatic Research and Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early diagnosis of mild lymphedema and treatment are important to prevent its progress. The tissue dielectric constant (TDC), measuring local tissue water in the skin and upper subcutis, has neither been related to the water displacement method (WDM) nor been used to diagnose mild arm lymphedema in patients at risk. Our aims were to evaluate TDC and WDM in combination with palpation, examine the association between TDC and WDM measurements, and compare lymphedema-related factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seventy-two women treated for breast cancer were diagnosed with mild arm lymphedema using skin palpation in combination with TDC from fixed measurement sites (threshold ratio for upper arm \u22651.45 and forearm \u22651.3) and\/or WDM (lymphedema relative volume [LRV]: \u22655% to \u22648%). Results revealed that 32 (45%) women were diagnosed by TDC only, 19 (26%) by WDM only, and 21 (29%) by both TDC and WDM. TDC ratios exceeding the threshold were most frequently identified on the medial site of the arm, proximal and distal to the antecubital fossa. TDC and WDM were negatively associated; LRV (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.545,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The women diagnosed by TDC only were diagnosed earlier after surgery (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003) and had a lower LRV (1.3%) than those diagnosed by WDM only (6.3%) or both TDC and WDM (6.2%;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TDC and WDM can be used together for early diagnosis of arm lymphedema, but TDC is the most valid method, determining the diagnosis earlier after surgery and at a lower arm volume than WDM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2019.0042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,9]],"date-time":"2019-10-09T14:12:11Z","timestamp":1570630331000},"page":"219-225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Palpation of Increased Skin and Subcutaneous Thickness, Tissue Dielectric Constant, and Water Displacement Method for Diagnosis of Early Mild Arm Lymphedema"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Katarina","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden."},{"name":"Physiotherapy Cancer Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Nilsson-Wikmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"name":"Academic Primary Health Care Centre, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Brog\u00e5rdh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden."},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70076-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-008-0259-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02841860903483676"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31873"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23494"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(99)00185-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-013-2655-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","first-page":"38","article-title":"Breast cancer treatment, BMI, post-op swelling\/lymphedema","volume":"3","author":"Mahamaneerat WK","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mahamaneerat WK, , Shyu C-R, , Stewart BR, , Armer JM. 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