{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:16:44Z","timestamp":1777922204644,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lymphatic Research and Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent guidelines recommend avoiding venipuncture to prevent lymphedema for breast cancer patients. This study investigated whether single or multiple sterile venipuncture procedures develop a systemic inflammation or infection and increase lymphedema in the rabbit ear lymphedema model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eighteen New Zealand white female rabbits were included. The right ear lymphedema model was created by surgical procedure; then, rabbits were divided into three randomized groups. Single and multiple venipuncture procedures were applied at least the 60th day after surgery for Group I and II, respectively. Group III was a control group. C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) levels were analyzed to determine inflammation and infection. Ear thickness measurements were applied using a vernier caliper to assess the differences in lymphedema between the ears. All rabbits were euthanized on the 90th day after surgery. Histopathological analysis was performed to evaluate lymphedema by measuring tissue thicknesses. Ear thickness measurements showed that ear lymphedema was developed and maintained with surgical operation in all groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). There was no difference in the ear thickness measurements between and within-groups results (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). CRP and PCT levels were below the lower detection levels in all groups. According to the differences of histopathological ear distances, there were significant differences within-groups for all groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), and no differences were identified between groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This experimental study demonstrated that single or multiple sterile venipuncture procedures did not trigger infection or inflammation and did not exacerbate ear lymphedema in the rabbit ear lymphedema model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2021.0095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T11:44:05Z","timestamp":1654861445000},"page":"34-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Does Venipuncture Increase Lymphedema by Triggering Inflammation or Infection? An Experimental Rabbit Ear Lymphedema Model Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0486-6878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kadirhan","family":"Ozdemir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izmir Bakircay University, Izmir, Turkey."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4215-6797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyit","family":"Citaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6018-2892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyda","family":"Diker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Breeding and Experimental Research Center, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilke","family":"Keser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3074-5199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osman","family":"Kurukahvecioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0037-4435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pinar","family":"Uyar Gocun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pathology, and Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0450-4305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozlem","family":"Gulbahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","volume-title":"F\u00f6ldi's Textbook of Lymphology: For Physicians and Lymphedema Therapists","author":"F\u00f6ldi M","year":"2012","unstructured":"F\u00f6ldi M, , F\u00f6ldi E, , Str\u00f6\u00dfenreuther R, , Kubik S. 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