{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T02:28:58Z","timestamp":1789871338127,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lymphatic Research and Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lower extremity lymphedema or edema (LELE) may progressively transition from a state of excess tissue fluid to increased fat accumulation and collagen deposition, with tissue fibrosis and hardening. Such changes may lead to altered tissue water holding and thereby impact tissue dielectric constant (TDC). This study seeks to evaluate the relationship between TDC and tissue indentation force (TIF) in patients with LELE and assess the utility of the leg\/arm TDC ratio (LAR) as an indicator of LELE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty females (49\u201391 years) with previously diagnosed LELE were evaluated during a scheduled session. TDC and TIF were measured 8\u2009cm proximal to the medial malleolus on the medial and lateral aspects of both legs and on one forearm 8\u2009cm distal to the antecubital fossa. The TDC\u2013TIC relationship and the LAR were subsequently determined. Main results showed an absence of a significant correlation between TDC and TIF on medial or lateral leg sites but a positive correlation on the normal forearm site. Further, LAR values exceeded the published proposed threshold of 1.35 for 29\/30 patients when using medial-side TDC values and 28\/30 patients when using lateral-side TDC values.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings suggest that for patients with LELE, TDC values are significantly elevated on medial and lateral standardized sites. The LAR determined using either medial or lateral sites that are similar to each other and have values consistent with a lymphedema threshold of 1.35. In edematous legs of the type evaluated herein, there is no apparent relationship between TDC values and indentation force.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2022.0101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T16:12:31Z","timestamp":1683907951000},"page":"439-446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Tissue Dielectric Constant and Skin Stiffness Relationships in Lower Extremity Lymphedema"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2690-7922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harvey N.","family":"Mayrovitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physiology, Department of Medical Education, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Shams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Astudillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aakangsha","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2009.7202"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182450b2d"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-222695"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00598.2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00137"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/43\/3\/001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/27\/7\/004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"Early diagnosis of lymphedema using multiple frequency bioimpedance","volume":"34","author":"Cornish BH","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cornish BH, , Chapman M, , Hirst C, et al. Early diagnosis of lymphedema using multiple frequency bioimpedance. Lymphology, 2001; 34:2\u201311.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2013.1141"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2021.0013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2019.0013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Two-year follow-up of temporal changes of breast edema after breast cancer treatment with surgery and radiation evaluated by tissue dielectric constant (TDC)","volume":"27","author":"Johansson K","year":"2015","unstructured":"Johansson K, , Darkeh MH, , Lahtinen T, et al. Two-year follow-up of temporal changes of breast edema after breast cancer treatment with surgery and radiation evaluated by tissue dielectric constant (TDC). Eur J Lymphol, 2015; 27:15\u201321.","journal-title":"Eur J Lymphol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2021.0010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2018.0022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2020.0065"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","first-page":"92","article-title":"Factors affecting interpretation of tissue dielectric constant (TDC) in assessing breast cancer treatment related lymphedema (BCRL)","volume":"52","author":"Mayrovitz HN","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mayrovitz HN, , Arzanova E, , Somarriba S, et al. Factors affecting interpretation of tissue dielectric constant (TDC) in assessing breast cancer treatment related lymphedema (BCRL). 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Lymphology, 2017; 50:56\u201366.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12455"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","first-page":"204","article-title":"Forearm and biceps circumferential variations in skin tissue dielectric constant and firmness","volume":"53","author":"Mayrovitz HN","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mayrovitz HN, , Lorenzo-Valido C, , Pieper E, et al. Forearm and biceps circumferential variations in skin tissue dielectric constant and firmness. Lymphology, 2020; 53:204\u2013211.","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12477"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2018.0016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2016.0021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12310"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12334"}],"container-title":["Lymphatic Research and Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/lrb.2022.0101","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/lrb.2022.0101","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/lrb.2022.0101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:14:52Z","timestamp":1777666492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/lrb.2022.0101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/lrb.2022.0101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/lrb.2022.0101","relation":{},"ISSN":["1539-6851","1557-8585"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1539-6851","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-8585","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]}}}