{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:21:54Z","timestamp":1777922514352,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Monoclonal Antibodies in Immunodiagnosis &amp; Immunotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a chronic endemic mycosis in Latin America, predominantly caused by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Paracoccidioides brasiliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Pb18) and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Paracoccidioides lutzii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Pl01). Diagnosing PCM is challenging due to species-specific antigenic differences, therefore new biomarkers for accurate and rapid detection are needed. This study explores multiple tolerization subtractive immunization (MTSI) to generate monoclonal antibodies against rare or weakly expressed epitopes of Pb18 and Pl01, potentially improving PCM diagnosis. These strains were cultured to obtain cell-free antigens (CFA). MTSI involved immunizing BALB\/c mice with CFA from Pb18 as a tolerogen and Pl01 as an immunogen, using Freund\u2019s adjuvant and cyclophosphamide to induce immune tolerance. The immune response was monitored\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">via<\/jats:italic>\n                    Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. Hybridomas were generated by fusing splenocytes from immunized mice with myeloma cells, after which clonal selection was conducted based on reactivity to Pl01 antigens. The study explores the presence of various proteins, including gp43 and Hsp60, in the protein profile of CFAs. Additionally, polyclonal antibody reactivity to Pb18 antigens was significantly reduced, suggesting that MTSI effectively promoted immunological tolerance. Followig the screening of hybridomas, clones with good reactivity to Pl01 and less reactive to Pb18 were selected. The monoclonal clones C1 and E6 exhibited potential specificity for Pl01 antigens. The effective generation of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. lutzii<\/jats:italic>\n                    -specific antibodies by MTSI demonstrates this technology\u2019s promise for the development of accurate PCM diagnostic instruments. These antibodies have the potential to enhance patient outcomes and reduce the incidence of false-negative diagnoses, which could lead to better disease management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mab.2024.0017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T11:03:52Z","timestamp":1734001432000},"page":"160-170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multiple Tolerization Subtractive Immunization in the Obtention of Specific Monoclonal Antibodies Against\n                    <i>Paracoccidioides lutzii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Franciny Mara de Lima","family":"Neves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8328-9054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelvin Sousa","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafaela Cristine","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"de Lima Fontes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioSmart Nanotechnology LTDA, Araraquara, Brazil."},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar), S\u00e3o Carlos, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline Maria","family":"Marcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vileneide Santana","family":"do Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Marisa","family":"Fusco-Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9 Soares","family":"Mendes-Giannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Moroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"WHO fungal priority pathogens list to guide research development and public health action. 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