{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T05:02:17Z","timestamp":1770786137755,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,10,1]],"date-time":"1996-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":844128000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of a total of 68\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (S.)\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains (21 susceptible, 23 intermediate, and 24 resistant to penicillin) were tested for 9 \u03b2-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin, cefpirome, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, cefpodoxime, cefodizime, and amoxycillin. MICs to penicillin, cefotaxime, cefpirome, and ceftriaxone were also tested on Muller\u2013Hinton blood agar supplemented with 50% human serum. Killing kinetics of 0.5, 2, and 4 times the MIC of cefpirome and cefotaxime and synergistic bactericidal activity of combinations of cephalosporins with vancomycin or gentamicin were investigated. The synergism studies were conducted with drug concentrations half of the MICs. On the basis of MIC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values cefpirome, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and cefpodoxime were 8, 4, 2, and 2 times more active than penicillin, while on the basis of MIC\n                    <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                    values they were 8, 8, 4, and 2 times superior to penicillin for the penicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Cefuroxime, cefodizime, and amoxycillin showed an identical or a 2-fold higher MIC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    or MIC\n                    <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                    than penicillin for the same group of isolates. Ceftazidime showed the lowest activity against\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . MIC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    and MIC\n                    <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                    values for ceftriaxone increased 4-fold when human serum was added to the test medium. Cefpirome was the only drug with MIC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    for the penicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    below the new resistance breakpoint of the NCCLS (\u22652 mg\/liter), while these values for cefotaxime and ceftriaxone were identical to or 2-fold higher than the resistance breakpoint. The MIC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    and MIC\n                    <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                    of the other drugs tested exceeded the breakpoint 2 to 16 times. The combination of vancomycin with cefpirome or cefotaxime showed a higher killing activity to two penicillin-resistant strains tested than 2- and 4-fold concentrations of the MICs of the two cephalosporins alone.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.1996.2.361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,29]],"date-time":"2009-01-29T19:23:49Z","timestamp":1233257029000},"page":"361-369","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["<i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    Susceptibility of\n                    <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>\n                    Strains to Nine \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics and the Killing Kinetics of Cephalosporins Alone and in Combination with Vancomycin or Gentamicin"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Marton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Major","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]},"container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.1996.2.361","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.1996.2.361","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:11:47Z","timestamp":1770747107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/mdr.1996.2.361"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/mdr.1996.2.361"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/mdr.1996.2.361","relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-6294","1931-8448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-6294","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]}}}