{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:22:29Z","timestamp":1777922549185,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]],"date-time":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1141171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    To analyze\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    susceptibility results and genotypes in relation to antibiotic exposures that precipitated\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    -associated diarrhea (CDAD), we examined 83 nosocomial\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates recovered at\na tertiary care center in Boston, Massachusetts. MICs were determined by E-test methodology using modified\nBrucella agar. Isolates were genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and restriction enzyme analysis.\nAntibiotic susceptibilities were: ciprofloxacin (0%), clindamycin (59%), trovafloxacin (63%), ceftriaxone\n(73%), piperacillin\/tazobactam (100%), metronidazole (100%), and vancomycin (100%). The two most common\nstrain groups, isolated from a total of 33 patients, were much more likely to be resistant to clindamycin,\nerythromycin, and trovafloxacin than other strain groups [79% (26 of 33) versus 2% (1 of 50), respectively].\nClindamycin exposure was strongly associated with CDAD caused by isolates that exhibited multiple resistance\nto clindamycin, erythromycin, and trovafloxacin (prevalence odds ratio, 4.2; 95% confidence interval,\n1.1\u201316.8), whereas other antimicrobials did not yield significant associations. Resistance of specific\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains to clindamycin and other antimicrobial agents may contribute to their hospital dissemination and explain,\nin part, the propensity of clindamycin to trigger nosocomial outbreaks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2006.12.23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,3]],"date-time":"2006-04-03T10:49:08Z","timestamp":1144061348000},"page":"23-28","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Genotypic and Phenotypic Analysis of\n                    <i>Clostridium difficile<\/i>\n                    Correlated with Previous Antibiotic Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Matthew H.","family":"Samore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lata","family":"Venkataraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola C.","family":"Degirolami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle M.","family":"Merrigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hines VA Hospital and Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dale N.","family":"Gerding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hines VA Hospital and Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yehuda","family":"Carmeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Harbarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.2006.12.23","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.2006.12.23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:23:34Z","timestamp":1777667014000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/mdr.2006.12.23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/mdr.2006.12.23"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/mdr.2006.12.23","relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-6294","1931-8448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-6294","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]}}}