{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:22:34Z","timestamp":1777922554746,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]],"date-time":"2006-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1149120000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"abstract":"\n Although antimicrobial resistance rates among\n Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n have\nincreased significantly in most countries in the last years, most studies from Brazil report relatively low resistance\nrates among these pathogens. In this study, we analyzed the susceptibility patterns of\n S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n and\n H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n from Brazil during a 7-year period. A total of 829\n S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n and 718\n H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n consecutively collected from 1998 to 2004, mainly from respiratory tract and bloodstream infections, were\nsusceptibility tested by broth microdilution methods against >30 drugs and the results were analyzed by year.\nOverall, 77.8% of\n S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n strains were considered susceptible (MIC, \u22640.06\n \n \u00b5<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:italic>\n g\/ml) to penicillin. Resistance\nto penicillin (MIC, \u22652\n \u00b5<\/jats:italic>\n g\/ml) and ceftriaxone (MIC, \u22654\n \u00b5<\/jats:italic>\n g\/ml) were detected in 7.5 and 0.5% of\nstrains, respectively. The fluoroquinolones, levofloxacin (MIC\n 90,<\/jats:sub>\n 1\n \u00b5<\/jats:italic>\n g\/ml) and gatifloxacin (MIC\n 90,<\/jats:sub>\n 0.5\n \n \u00b5<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:italic>\n g\/ml),\nwere active against 99.8% of the isolates tested. Among the other non-\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n -lactam drugs tested, the rank order\nof susceptibility rates was chloramphenicol (98.9%) > clindamycin (96.4%) > erythromycin (90.6%) > tetracycline\n(69.8%) > trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole (36.7%). Resistance to penicillin has increased markedly\namong\n S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n isolates over 7 years (from 2.9 to 11.0%). Additionally, resistance rates against erythromycin,\nclindamycin, and tetracycline decreased among pneumococcal strains during the same period.\n S.\npneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n recovered from pediatric patients (\u22645 years) showed increased penicillin and trimethoprim\/sulfametroxazole\nresistance rates compared to older populations. The rate of ampicillin resistance among\n H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n was 14.0%, which also corresponds with the\n \n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:italic>\n -lactamase production rate. All\n H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n isolates\nwere susceptible to amoxicillin\/clavulanate (MIC\n 90,<\/jats:sub>\n 1\n \u00b5<\/jats:italic>\n g\/ml), ceftriaxone (MIC\n 90,<\/jats:sub>\n \u2264 0.008\n \u00b5<\/jats:italic>\n g\/ml), cefepime\n(MIC\n 90,<\/jats:sub>\n 0.12\n \u00b5<\/jats:italic>\n g\/ml), ciprofloxacin (MIC\n 90,<\/jats:sub>\n \u2264 0.12\n \u00b5<\/jats:italic>\n g\/ml), levofloxacin (MIC\n 90,<\/jats:sub>\n \u2264 0.5\n \u00b5<\/jats:italic>\n g\/ml), and gatifloxacin\n(MIC\n 90,<\/jats:sub>\n \u2264 0.03\n \u00b5<\/jats:italic>\n g\/ml). Resistance to the antimicrobials tested remained very stable among\n H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n isolates\nduring the 7-year study period. The continued emerging antimicrobial resistances found in these\npathogens (mainly\n S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n ) highlight the need for alternative agents for the treatment of infections\ncaused by these species.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2006.12.91","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,19]],"date-time":"2006-07-19T15:42:43Z","timestamp":1153323763000},"page":"91-98","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Changing Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns among Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae from Brazil: Report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1998\u20132004)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mariana","family":"Castanheira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Gales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio C.C.","family":"Pignatari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald N.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, Iowa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9lio S.","family":"Sader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."},{"name":"JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, Iowa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.2006.12.91","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.2006.12.91","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:23:45Z","timestamp":1777667025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/mdr.2006.12.91"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/mdr.2006.12.91"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/mdr.2006.12.91","relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-6294","1931-8448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-6294","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]}}}