{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:15:14Z","timestamp":1790900114704,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]],"date-time":"2009-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"abstract":"\n An intrinsic low-level vancomycin resistance (VanC phenotype) in\n Enterococcus casseliflavus<\/jats:italic>\n is conferred by either of two subtypes of\n vanC<\/jats:italic>\n genes, that is,\n vanC-2<\/jats:italic>\n or\n vanC-3<\/jats:italic>\n , which are genetically closely related. To know genetic diversity of\n vanC-2\/C-3<\/jats:italic>\n genes among\n E. casseliflavus<\/jats:italic>\n , nucleotide sequences of\n vanC-2\/C-3<\/jats:italic>\n and other genetic components in\n vanC<\/jats:italic>\n gene cluster (\n vanXYc<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n vanTc<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n vanRc<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n vanSc<\/jats:italic>\n ) were analyzed for nine clinical isolates and four standard strains that showed low-level vancomycin resistance. While the\n vanC-2\/C-3<\/jats:italic>\n gene sequences showed 93\u2013100% identities among the strains examined, two genetic groups were discriminated by phylogenetic analysis: one closely related to the previously reported\n vanC-2<\/jats:italic>\n or\n vanC-3<\/jats:italic>\n genes (\n vanC-2\/C-3<\/jats:italic>\n genotype) with 98\u2013100% identity, and the other distinct from the\n vanC-2\/C-3<\/jats:italic>\n genotype (93\u201395% identity). The latter group found in three clinical isolates was considered as a new subtype of\n vanC<\/jats:italic>\n and tentatively designated as\n vanC-4<\/jats:italic>\n . Between strains with the\n vanC-2\/C-3<\/jats:italic>\n genotype and those with\n vanC-4<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n vanXYc<\/jats:italic>\n genes were also genetically discriminated with 92\u201393% identity. Similar sequence diversity was observed for\n vanTc<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n vanRc<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n vanSc<\/jats:italic>\n (88\u201393% identity). Clonal relatedness among the\n E. casseliflavus<\/jats:italic>\n strains was investigated by phylogenetic analysis of\n atpA<\/jats:italic>\n gene. While among\n E. casseliflavus<\/jats:italic>\n strains with\n vanC-2\/C-3<\/jats:italic>\n genotype, extremely high sequence identities of\n atpA<\/jats:italic>\n were found (98.7% or higher), these strains showed slightly lower identity to those with\n vanC-4<\/jats:italic>\n (94\u201396%). These two groups of\n E. casseliflavus<\/jats:italic>\n strains were also discriminated by genotyping with arbitrarily primed PCR. These findings indicated that among\n E. casseliflavus<\/jats:italic>\n there are at least two genetic lineages with the distinct\n vanC<\/jats:italic>\n genes, that is, a single subtype including previously known\n vanC-2<\/jats:italic>\n \/\n C-3<\/jats:italic>\n , and a novel subtype\n vanC-4<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2009.0856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,13]],"date-time":"2009-02-13T16:23:57Z","timestamp":1234542237000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Genetic Diversity of the Low-Level Vancomycin Resistance Gene\n vanC-2\/vanC-3<\/i>\n and Identification of a Novel\n vanC<\/i>\n Subtype (\n vanC-4<\/i>\n ) in\n Enterococcus casseliflavus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shojiro","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobumichi","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianelys","family":"Qui\u00f1ones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical \u201cPedro Kour\u00ed,\u201d","place":["Cuba"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Hayakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujita Health University School of Medicine","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeo","family":"Nagashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Uehara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.2009.0856","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.2009.0856","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:25:17Z","timestamp":1777667117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/mdr.2009.0856"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/mdr.2009.0856"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/mdr.2009.0856","relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-6294","1931-8448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-6294","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}}}