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Quinolones have been used as an alternative therapy for Q fever. In this study, quinolone-resistance-determining regions of the genes coding for DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV were analyzed by DNA sequencing from an\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    fluoroquinolone-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain (Q212). Sequencing and aligning of DNA gyrase encoding genes (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrB<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and topoisomerase IV genes (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">parC<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">parE<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) revealed one\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutation leading to the amino acid substitution Asp87Gly (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    numbering), two\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrB<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutations leading to the amino acid substitutions Ser431Pro and Met518Ile, and three\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">parC<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutations leading to the amino acid substitutions Asp69Asn, Thr80Ile, and Gly104Ser. The corresponding alignment of the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    Q212 reference strain, the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    developed fluoroquinolone-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    Q212 strain, and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    resulted in the identification of several other naturally occurring mutations within and outside the quinolone-resistance-determining regions of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    providing indications of possible natural resistance to fluoroquinolones. The present study adds additional potential mutations in the DNA topoisomerases that may be involved in fluoroquinolone resistance in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    due to their previous characterization in other bacterial species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2010.0015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,3]],"date-time":"2010-05-03T15:40:25Z","timestamp":1272901225000},"page":"111-117","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV Mutations in an\n                    <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    Fluoroquinolone-Resistant\n                    <i>Coxiella burnetii<\/i>\n                    Strain"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Iosif","family":"Vranakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Crete","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vassilios","family":"Sandalakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Crete","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimosthenis","family":"Chochlakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Crete","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yannis","family":"Tselentis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Crete","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Psaroulaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Crete","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn094","article-title":"Heterogeneity of susceptibility to fluoroquinolones in Bartonella isolates from Australia reveals a natural mutation in gyrA","volume":"61","author":"Angelakis E.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Angelakis E., , Biswas S., , Taylor C., , Raoult D., , Rolain J.M. 2008. Heterogeneity of susceptibility to fluoroquinolones in Bartonella isolates from Australia reveals a natural mutation in gyrA. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 61:1252\u20131255.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Arias A. Seral C. Castillo F.J. Rubio-Calvo C. Gomez-Lus R. 2009. Caracterizaci\u00f3n de los mecanismos de resistencia a quinolonas en aeromonas spp de origen cl\u00ednico. I jornadas del instituto universitario de investigaci\u00f3n en ciencias ambientales de Arag\u00f3n Universidad de Zaragoza Noviembre 10\u201312PBM01081(In Spanish.)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.4.868"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.03.017","article-title":"A bioinformatic approach to understanding antibiotic resistance in intracellular bacteria through whole genome analysis","volume":"32","author":"Biswas S.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Biswas S., , Raoult D., , Rolain J.M. 2008. A bioinformatic approach to understanding antibiotic resistance in intracellular bacteria through whole genome analysis. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 32:207\u2013220.","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410050074010","article-title":"Chronic Q fever. 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