{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:23:26Z","timestamp":1777922606525,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]],"date-time":"2010-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1291161600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    To investigate azithromycin susceptibility in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the United States, we examined the azithromycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of outbreak and routine human\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. Isolate susceptibility clustered at 8\u2009mg\/L, but three isolates displayed higher MICs (&gt;64\u2009mg\/L) to azithromycin. All three isolates contained a plasmid-encoded\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mphA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, known to encode a macrolide-2\u2032-phosphotransferase enzyme. Transformation of the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mphA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene into\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    DH10B allowed the transfer of decreased susceptibility to azithromycin. Although these isolates might traditionally be defined as resistant, there are no established breakpoints for resistance to confirm that treatment of these isolates with azithromycin would fail, which complicates susceptibility screening.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2010.0028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,12]],"date-time":"2010-07-12T20:44:02Z","timestamp":1278967442000},"page":"245-248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Reduced Azithromycin Susceptibility in\n                    <i>Shigella sonnei<\/i>\n                    , United States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rebecca Leigh","family":"Howie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Georgia"]},{"name":"IHRC","place":["Georgia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason P.","family":"Folster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Georgia"]},{"name":"IHRC","place":["Georgia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Georgia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ezra J.","family":"Barzilay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Georgia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean M.","family":"Whichard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Georgia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"552","volume-title":"Red Book: 2003 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics","year":"2003","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics. 2003. Shigella infections. Pickering L.K. Red Book: 2003 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 26th. American Academy of Pediatrics: Elk Frove Village, IL, 552\u2013553.","edition":"26"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boumghar-Bourtchai L. Mariani-Kurkdjian P. Bingen E. Filliol I. Dhalluin A. Ifrane S.A. et al. 2008. Macrolide-resistant Shigella sonnei. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet][cited Jan. 13 2010]www.cdc.gov\/EID\/content\/14\/8\/1297.htm. 2010 May 7.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1408.080147"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2005.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","unstructured":"[CDC] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria (NARMS): Human Isolates Final Report 2006[cited Jan. 13 2010]www.cdc.gov\/narms\/annual\/2006\/NARMSAnnualReport2006.pdf. Atlanta Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services CDC 2010 May 7."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. M100-S17","author":"[CLSI] Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2007","unstructured":"[CLSI] Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. 2007. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. M100-S17. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute: Wayne, PA."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0904162"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Folster J.P. Pecic G. Bolcen S. Theobald L. Hise K. Carattoli A. Zhao S. McDermott P.F. Whichard J.M. 2010. Characterization of Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Heidelberg Isolated from Humans in the United States. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 7[Epub ahead of print]2009[cited Jan. 13 2010].www.liebertonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/fpd.2009.0376(Online.)","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2009.0376"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000164707.13624.a7","article-title":"Antimicrobial-resistant Shigella sonnei: limited antimicrobial treatment options for children and challenges of interpreting in vitro azithromycin susceptibility","volume":"24","author":"Jain S.K.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jain S.K., , Gupta A., , Glanz B., , Dick J., , Siberry G.K. 2005. Antimicrobial-resistant Shigella sonnei: limited antimicrobial treatment options for children and challenges of interpreting in vitro azithromycin susceptibility. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 24:494\u2013497.","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","first-page":"651","article-title":"Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies","volume":"77","author":"Kotloff K.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kotloff K., , Winickoff J.P., , Ivanoff B., , Clemens J.D., , Swerdlow D.L., , Sansonetti P.J. et al. 1999. Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. Bull. W.H.O, 77:651\u2013666.","journal-title":"Bull. W.H.O"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990502"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.10.2359"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","first-page":"488","article-title":"[Azithromycin: breakpoints]. Azithromycine: points critiques","volume":"43","author":"Philippon A.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Philippon A., , Cluzel R., , Soussy C.J. 1995. [Azithromycin: breakpoints]. Azithromycine: points critiques. Pathol. Biol., 43:488\u2013497(In French.)","journal-title":"Pathol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","first-page":"158","article-title":"Increasing spectrum in antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolates in Bangladesh: resistance to azithromycin and ceftriaxone and decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin","volume":"25","author":"Rahman M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rahman M., , Shoma S., , Rashid H., , Arifeen S.E., , Baqui A.H., , Siddique A.K. et al. 2007. Increasing spectrum in antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolates in Bangladesh: resistance to azithromycin and ceftriaxone and decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. J. Health Popul. Nutr., 25:158\u2013167.","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. 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